Application progress of nanocellulose in food packaging: A review.

With the increasing environmental and ecological problems caused by petroleum-based packaging materials, the focus has gradually shifted to natural resources for the preparation of functional food packaging materials. In addition to biodegradable properties, nanocellulose (NC) mechanical properties, and rich surface chemistry are also fascinating and desired to be one of the most probable green packaging materials. In this review, we firstly introduce the recent progress of novel applications of NC in food packaging, including intelligent packaging, nano(bio)sensors, and nano-paper; secondly, we focus on the modification techniques of NC to summarize the properties (antimicrobial, mechanical, hydrophobic, antioxidant, and so on) that are required for food packaging, to expand the new synthetic methods and application areas. After presenting all the latest advances related to material design and sustainable applications, an overview summarizing the safety of NC is presented to promote a continuous and healthy movement of NC toward the field of truly sustainable packaging.

Elevating the significance of legume intake: A novel strategy to counter aging-related mitochondrial dysfunction and physical decline.

Mitochondrial dysfunction increasingly becomes a target for promoting healthy aging and longevity. The dysfunction of mitochondria with age ultimately leads to a decline in physical functions. Among them, biogenesis dysfunction and the imbalances in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria as signaling organelles in the aging process have aroused our attention. Dietary intervention in mitochondrial dysfunction and physical decline during aging processes is essential, and greater attention should be directed toward healthful legume intake. Legumes are constantly under investigation for their nutritional and bioactive properties, and their consumption may yield antiaging and mitochondria-protecting benefits. This review summarizes mitochondrial dysfunction with age, discusses the benefits of legumes on mitochondrial function, and introduces the potential role of legumes in managing aging-related physical decline. Additionally, it reveals the benefits of legume intake for the elderly and offers a viable approach to developing legume-based functional food.

Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Efficient Air Filtration in Harsh Environments.

Advanced portable healthcare devices with high efficiencies, small pressure drops, and high-temperature resistance are urgently desired in harsh environments with high temperatures, high humidities, and high levels of atmospheric pollution. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which serve as energy converters in a revolutionary self-powered sensor device, present a sustainable solution for meeting these requirements. In this work, we developed a porous negative triboelectric material by synthesizing ZIF-8 on the surface of a cellulose/graphene oxide aerogel, grafting it with trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl)silane, and adding a negative corona treatment, and it was combined with a positive triboelectric material to create a cellulose nanofiber-based TENG self-powered filter. The devices achieved a balance between a small pressure drop (53 Pa) and high filtration efficiency (98.97%, 99.65%, and 99.93% for PM0.3, PM0.5, and PM1, respectively), demonstrating robust filtration properties at high temperatures and high humidities. Our work provides a new approach for developing self-powered wearable healthcare devices with excellent air filtration properties.

Improved Electrical Output Performance of Cellulose-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Enabled by Negative Triboelectric Materials.

Cellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted widespread attention due to the low cost and environmentally friendly characteristics of cellulose. However, achieving high electrical energy output from these generators still presents significant challenges. Here, cellulose is dissolved-regenerated to form a composite aerogel with high specific surface area, in which cellulose-based composites with excellent negative triboelectric properties are developed by coupling the rich 3D network structure of the regenerated cellulose aerogel, modified barium titanate, and poly(vinylidene fluoride). The TENGs assembled from the composite materials exhibit an output voltage of 1040 V and a current of 1.165 mA at an external force of 8 N and a frequency of 4 Hz, outperforming all cellulose-based negative triboelectric materials. In addition, the nanogenerators have a stable electrical energy output capacity, with no significant property degradation in 100 000 contact-separation tests. The excellent electrical output property of the composite materials enables them to harvest energy from human movement and waterdrops, demonstrating their great application prospects in wearable devices, energy harvesting devices, self-powered sensors, and other fields.

A comprehensive review of intelligent controlled release antimicrobial packaging in food preservation.

Intelligent responsive packaging provides informative feedback or control the release of active substances like antimicrobial agents in response to stimuli in food or the environment to ensure food safety. This paper provides an overview of two types of intelligent packaging, information-responsive and intelligent controlled-release, focusing on the recent research progress of intelligent controlled-release antimicrobial packaging with enzyme, pH, relative humidity, temperature, and light as triggering factors. It also summarizes the current status of application in different food categories, as well as the challenges and future prospects. Intelligent controlled-release technology aims to optimize the antimicrobial effect and ensure the quality of food products by synchronizing the release of active substances with food preservation needs through sensing stimuli, which is an innovative and challenging packaging technology. The paper seeks to provide a reference for the research and industrial development of responsive intelligent packaging and controlled-release packaging applications in food.

Biomarkers of Micronutrients and Phytonutrients and Their Application in Epidemiological Studies.

Nutritional biomarkers can be used as important indicators of nutritional status and play crucial roles in the prevention as well as prognosis optimization of various metabolism-related diseases. Measuring dietary with the deployment of biomarker assessments provides quantitative nutritional information that can better predict the health outcomes. With the increased availability of nutritional biomarkers and the development of assessment tools, the specificity and sensitivity of nutritional biomarkers have been greatly improved. This enables efficient disease surveillance in nutrition research. A wide range of biomarkers have been used in different types of studies, including clinical trials, observational studies, and qualitative studies, to reflect the relationship between diet and health. Through a comprehensive literature search, we reviewed the well-established nutritional biomarkers of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, and their association with epidemiological studies, to better understand the role of nutrition in health and disease.

Diet composition and selection of Père David's deer in Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve, China.

Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve is an ideal place to restore the wild population of Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). Understanding foraging ecology and diet composition is essential for assessing population development or establishing long-term effective conservation measures for endangered species. However, little is known about the diet composition of Père David's deer and its diet selection mechanism. In this study, we used stable isotope technology to investigate the diet composition of Père David's deer according to various tissues (i.e., fur, muscle, liver, heart, and feces) and seasons, and evaluated the correlation between the nutrient composition of plants and diet composition. Bayesian isotope analysis showed that the autumn and winter diet estimated by fur and fecal samples indicated a diet dominated by C3 grasses (42.7%-57.2%, mean), while the summer diet estimated by muscle and liver samples was dominated by C3 forbs (30.9%-41.6%, mean). The Pearson correlation test indicated that the contribution of winter diet composition reflected by fur and fecal samples was associated with correlations with crude protein (r = .666, p < .01) and soluble sugars (r = .695, p < .01). The results indicated that crude protein and soluble sugars were important factors influencing the winter diet selection of Père David's deer. In the context of the current reintroduction facing many challenges, such as habitat fragmentation, wetland degradation, and human disturbance, comprehensively evaluating the diet selection mechanism of Père David's deer under different resource specificities and temporal changes should be considered in the future.

NLRP3 and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: Progress in Research.

The inflammasome is a platform for inflammatory signaling, and the NLRP3 inflammasome recognizes stimuli in vitro and in vivo, and releases inflammatory cytokines that trigger inflammation and pyroptosis. In the gut, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key sensor for protecting the body from damage and exogenous pathogens. It plays a fundamental role in maintaining the stability of the gut's immune system. We focus on the role of NLRP3 as a key node in maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota which has not been fully highlighted in the past; gut microbiota and innate immunity, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome, are discussed in this article.

Gut microbiota modulates differential lipid metabolism outcomes associated with FTO gene polymorphisms in response to personalized nutrition intervention.

Background: Interindividual differences in response to personalized nutrition (PN) intervention were affected by multiple factors, including genetic backgrounds and gut microbiota. The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is an important factor related to hyperlipidemia and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have explored the differences in response to intervention among subjects with different genotypes of FTO, and the associations between gut microbiota and individual responses. Objective: To explore the differential lipid metabolism outcomes associated with FTO gene polymorphisms in response to PN intervention, the altered taxonomic features of gut microbiota caused by the intervention, and the associations between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism outcomes. Methods: A total of 400 overweight or obese adults were recruited in the study and randomly divided into the PN group and control group, of whom 318 completed the 12-week intervention. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs1121980 in FTO was genotyped. Gut microbiota and blood lipids were determined at baseline and week 12. Functional property of microbiota was predicted using Tax4Fun functional prediction analysis. Results: Subjects with the risk genotype of FTO had significantly higher weight and waist circumference (WC) at baseline. Generalized linear regression models showed that the reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), WC, body fat percentage, total cholesterol (TCHO), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was greater in subjects with the risk genotype of FTO and in the PN group. Significant interaction effects between genotype and intervention on weight, BMI, WC, TCHO, and LDL were found after stratifying for specific genotype of FTO. All subjects showed significant increasement in α diversity of gut microbiota after intervention except for those with the non-risk genotype in the control group. Gut microbiota, including Blautia and Firmicutes, might be involved in lipid metabolism in response to interventions. The predicted functions of the microbiota in subjects with different genotypes were related to lipid metabolism-related pathways, including fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation. Conclusion: Subjects with the risk genotype of FTO had better response to nutrition intervention, and PN intervention showed better amelioration in anthropometric parameters and blood lipids than the control. Gut microbiota might be involved in modulating differential lipid metabolism responses to intervention in subjects with different genotypes. Trial registration: [Chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR1900026226].

Phytonutrients: Sources, bioavailability, interaction with gut microbiota, and their impacts on human health.

Phytonutrients are natural bioactive components present in the daily diet that can exert a positive impact on human health. Studies have shown that phytonutrients may act as antioxidants and improve metabolism after being ingested, which help to regulate physiological processes and prevent metabolic disorders and diseases. However, their efficacy is limited by their low bioavailability. The gut microbiota is symbiotic with humans and its abundance and profile are related to most diseases. Interestingly, studies have shown that the gut microbiota is associated with the metabolism of phytonutrients by converting them into small molecules that can be absorbed by the body, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. Furthermore, phytonutrients can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, and therefore improve the host's health. Here, we focus on uncovering the mechanisms by which phytonutrients and gut microbiota play roles in health, and the interrelationships between phytonutrients and gut microbiota were summarized. We also reviewed the studies that reported the efficacy of phytonutrients in human health and the future directions.

Personalized nutrition: A review of genotype-based nutritional supplementation.

Nutritional disorders have become a major public health issue, requiring increased targeted approaches. Personalized nutrition adapted to individual needs has garnered dramatic attention as an effective way to improve nutritional balance and maintain health. With the rapidly evolving fields of genomics and nutrigenetics, accumulation of genetic variants has been indicated to alter the effects of nutritional supplementation, suggesting its indispensable role in the genotype-based personalized nutrition. Additionally, the metabolism of nutrients, such as lipids, especially omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, glucose, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin D, iron, and calcium could be effectively improved with related genetic variants. This review focuses on existing literatures linking critical genetic variants to the nutrient and the ways in which these variants influence the outcomes of certain nutritional supplementations. Although further studies are required in this direction, such evidence provides valuable insights for the guidance of appropriate interventions using genetic information, thus paving the way for the smooth transition of conventional generic approach to genotype-based personalized nutrition.

Personalized Nutrition Intervention Improves Health Status in Overweight/Obese Chinese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Overweight and obesity increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Personalized nutrition (PN) approaches may provide tailored nutritional advice/service by focusing on individual's unique characteristics to prevent against NCDs. Objective: We aimed to compare the effect of PN intervention with the traditional "one size fits all" intervention on health status in overweight/obese Chinese adults. Methods: In this 12-week randomized controlled trial, 400 adults with BMI ≥24 kg/m2 were randomized to control group (CG, n = 200) and PN group (PNG, n = 200). The CG received conventional health guidance according to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents and Chinese DRIs Handbook, whereas the PNG experienced PN intervention that was developed by using decision trees based on the subjects' anthropometric measurements, blood samples (phenotype), buccal cells (genotype), and dietary and physical activity (PA) assessments (baseline and updated). Results: Compared with the conventional intervention, PN intervention significantly improved clinical outcomes of anthropometric (e.g., body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist circumference) and blood biomarkers (e.g., blood lipids, uric acid, homocysteine). The improvement in clinical outcomes was achieved through behavior change in diet and PA. The subjects in the PNG had higher China dietary guidelines index values and PA levels. Personalized recommendations of "lose weight," "increase fiber" and "take multivitamin/mineral supplements" were the major contributors to the decrease of BMI and improvement of lipid profile. Conclusion: We provided the first evidence that PN intervention was more beneficial than conventional nutrition intervention to improve health status in overweight/obese Chinese adults. This study provides a model of framework for developing personalized advice in Chinese population.Chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1900026226).

An identified PfHMGB1 promotes microcystin-LR-induced liver injury of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco).

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin that can cause liver inflammation and injury. However, the mode of action of related inflammatory factors is not fully understood. PfHMGB1 is an inflammatory factor induced at the mRNA level in the liver of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) that were intraperitoneally injected with 50 µg/kg MC-LR. The PfHMGB1 mRNA level was highest in the liver and muscle among 11 tissues examined. The full-length cDNA sequence of PfHMGB1 was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli, and the purified protein rPfHMGB1 demonstrated DNA binding affinity. Endotoxin-free rPfHMGB1 (6-150 µg/mL) also showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity and induced inflammatory gene expression of primary hepatocytes. PfHMGB1 antibody (anti-PfHMGB1) in vitro reduced MC-LR (30 and 50 µmol/L)-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting PfHMGB1 is important in the toxic effects of MC-LR. In vivo study showed that MC-LR upregulated PfHMGB1 protein in the liver. The anti-PfHMGB1 blocked its counterpart and reduced ALT/AST activities after MC-LR exposure. Anti-PfHMGB1 partly neutralized MC-LR-induced hepatocyte disorganization, nucleus shrinkage, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula destruction. These findings suggest that PfHMGB1 promotes MC-LR-induced liver damage in the yellow catfish. HMGB1 may help protect catfish against widespread microcystin pollution.

The mediating role of perceived stress on the relationship between perceived social support and self-care ability among Chinese enterostomy patients.

PURPOSE: Enterostomy patients were exposed to various stressors, and self-care ability played an important role in their daily lives. This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived social support and self-care ability among Chinese enterostomy patients and to explore whether perceived stress mediated this relationship. METHODS: A sample of 410 enterostomy patients aged 59.68 ± 12.95 years old were recruited in the study. Participants completed a set of questionnaires including demographics, perceived stress scale, perceived social support scale, and ostomy self-care ability scale. RESULTS: A total of 392 valid questionnaires were finally used in the data analyses among 410 questionnaires; the effective response rate was 95.6%. Results demonstrated that the scores of perceived social support were positively correlated with scores of self-care ability scores and negatively with perceived stress scores. And the effect of perceived social support on self-care ability was partially mediated by perceived stress (51.53%). CONCLUSIONS: This study explained the mediating model that connects perceived social support with self-care ability through perceived stress, which enhances our understanding about the mediating role of perceived stress. Thus, when focusing on the self-care ability of enterostomy patients, perceived stress was as important as perceived social support.

Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties Adaption of Chinese Version of the Decisional Engagement Scale (DES-10).

OBJECTIVE: To translate and validate the DES-10 into Chinese and adapt the DES-10 among Chinese prostate cancer patients. To explore the impact of demographic data on the SDM of Chinese prostate cancer patients. METHODS: Data were collected from December 2019 to January 2020 from four hospitals among prostatic cancer patients in Henan Province, by convenience sampling method. A demographic questionnaire, DES-10, and 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9) were administered. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to test the content, construct, reliability, and concurrent validity of the translated DES-10. Then, Pearson's correlation, t-test, and analysis of variance were used to test the demographic difference of DES-10. RESULTS: A total of 380 prostatic cancer patients completed the survey (96% response rate). The total score of DES-10 was 71.16±17.14. The Cronbach's ɑ coefficient was 0.87. Single factor structure was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis (explaining 50.14% of the variance). Model fitting indexes (RMSEA=0.07, CMIN/DF=2.92) were acceptable. The DES-10 scale showed good validity with the SDM-Q-9 as the criterion. Age, marital status, homeplace, and household monthly income could affect the shared decision-making of prostatic cancer patients. CONCLUSION: The DES-10 was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable scale to assess the prostatic cancer patient's engagement in health care decision-making. And it is culturally appropriate for use in China. The influence of age, marital status, homeplace, and household monthly income should be considered in promoting patients' participation in shared decision-making.

Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with arterial stiffness in community-dwelling Chinese aged 45 years and older.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that body composition has impact on arterial stiffness. However, evidence in Chinese are limited, and results remain controversial. The aim of our study is to investigate whether skeletal muscle mass is associated with arterial stiffness in Chinese community-dwelling men and women aged 45 years and older. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 20,477 participants (age range: 45-80 years, 68.8% women) were included in the analysis. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), an indicator of arterial stiffness was measured using a waveform device. Total muscle mass and muscle mass of arm, leg and trunk were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Height and weight were measured and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) was calculated as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (sum of arm and leg muscle mass) divided by height square. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, ASMI was negatively associated with baPWV [ß (SE) for men: - 0.208 (0.016), p < 0.0001; for women: - 0.245 (0.012), p < 0.0001]. High ASMI was a protective factor for the presence of arterial stiffness (defined as baPWV) [OR (95%CI) for men: 0.730 (0.682, 0.782), p < 0.0001; women: 0.634 (0.593, 0.677), p < 0.0001]. Similar associations were found between quantity of muscle mass (total and appendicular muscle mass, muscle mass of arm, leg and trunk) and arterial stiffness in men and women after further adjustment for height (all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased risk of arterial stiffness in Chinese community-dwelling adults aged 45 years and older.

Associations of Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiles With Incident Hyperuricemia in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Individuals.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how metabolic perturbations are linked to hyperuricemia in the general population. Therefore we aimed to examine metabolomics profiles in relation to uric acid change and incident hyperuricemia. METHODS: This study included 1,621 community-dwelling Chinese participants ages 50-70 years without hyperuricemia at baseline, with a mean duration of follow-up of 6 years. A total of 56 metabolites (22 amino acids and 34 acylcarnitines) at baseline were quantified by gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Annual change in uric acid was calculated, and incident hyperuricemia was defined as plasma uric acid >420 µmoles/liter in men and >360 µmoles/liter in women. RESULTS: The mean ± SD annual change in uric acid was 9.6 ± 12.1 µmoles/liter and the incidence of hyperuricemia was 23.1% (375 of 1,621). After adjustment for conventional risk factors, 9 metabolites (cysteine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, and long-chain acylcarnitines C14:1OH, C18, C18:2, C20, and C20:4) were significantly associated with uric acid change (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05) and with incident hyperuricemia (relative risks ranged from 1.14 to 1.21 per SD increment of metabolites; P < 0.05). A network analysis showed significant associations between the module containing long-chain acylcarnitines and incident hyperuricemia. Moreover, levels of these 9 metabolites were specifically correlated with intake of foods, including red and processed meat or soy products. CONCLUSION: Plasma cysteine, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, and long-chain acylcarnitines are positively associated with incident hyperuricemia. The levels of these metabolites may be partially driven by intakes of meat and soy products that are associated with hyperuricemia.

Associations of Plasma Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiles with Incident Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Metabolomics is instrumental in identifying novel biomarkers of kidney function to aid in the prevention and management of CKD. However, data linking the metabolome to incident eGFR are sparse, particularly in Asian populations with different genetic backgrounds and environmental exposures. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations of amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles with change in eGFR in a Chinese cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This study included 1765 community-living Chinese adults aged 50-70 years with baseline eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. At baseline, 22 amino acids and 34 acylcarnitines in plasma were quantified by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Annual rate of change in eGFR was calculated, and incident eGFR decline was defined as eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 by the end of 6 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean (SD) unadjusted annual change in eGFR was 2.2±2.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and the incidence of reduced eGFR was 16%. After Bonferroni correction, 13 of 56 metabolites were significantly associated with annual eGFR change. After multivariable adjustment of baseline covariates, including baseline eGFR, seven of the 13 metabolites, including cysteine, long-chain acylcarnitines (C14:1OH, C18, C18:2, and C20:4), and other acylcarnitines (C3DC and C10), were significantly associated with incident reduced eGFR (relative risks ranged from 1.16 to 1.25 per SD increment of metabolites; P<3.8E-03 after Bonferroni correction of multiple testing of the 13 metabolites). Moreover, principal component analysis identified two factors, consisting of cysteine and long-chain acylcarnitines, respectively, that were associated with incident reduced eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated plasma levels of cysteine and a panel of acylcarnitines were associated with a higher incidence of reduced eGFR in Chinese adults, independent of baseline eGFR and other conventional risk factors.

Exome chip meta-analysis identifies novel loci and East Asian-specific coding variants that contribute to lipid levels and coronary artery disease.

Most genome-wide association studies have been of European individuals, even though most genetic variation in humans is seen only in non-European samples. To search for novel loci associated with blood lipid levels and clarify the mechanism of action at previously identified lipid loci, we used an exome array to examine protein-coding genetic variants in 47,532 East Asian individuals. We identified 255 variants at 41 loci that reached chip-wide significance, including 3 novel loci and 14 East Asian-specific coding variant associations. After a meta-analysis including >300,000 European samples, we identified an additional nine novel loci. Sixteen genes were identified by protein-altering variants in both East Asians and Europeans, and thus are likely to be functional genes. Our data demonstrate that most of the low-frequency or rare coding variants associated with lipids are population specific, and that examining genomic data across diverse ancestries may facilitate the identification of functional genes at associated loci.

Effects of Genetic and Nongenetic Factors on Total and Bioavailable 25(OH)D Responses to Vitamin D Supplementation.

Context: Little is known about how genetic and nongenetic factors modify responses of vitamin D supplementation in nonwhite populations. Objective: To investigate factors modifying 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and bioavailable 25(OH)D [25(OH)DBio] responses after vitamin D3 supplementation. Design, Setting, Participants, and Intervention: In this 20-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 448 Chinese with vitamin D deficiency received 2000 IU/d vitamin D3 or placebo. Main Outcome Measures: Serum 25(OH)D, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium were measured, and 25(OH)DBio was calculated based on VDBP levels. Six common polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism genes were genotyped. Results: Between-arm net changes were +30.6 ± 1.7 nmol/L for 25(OH)D, +2.7 ± 0.2 nmol/L for 25(OH)DBio, and -5.2 ± 1.2 pg/mL for PTH, corresponding to 70% [95% confidence interval (CI), 62.8% to 77.2%] net reversion rate for vitamin D deficiency at week 20 (P < 0.001). Only 25(OH)DBio change was positively associated with calcium change (P < 0.001). Genetic factors (GC-rs4588/GC-rs7041, VDR-rs2228570, and CYP2R1-rs10741657; P ≤ 0.04) showed stronger influences on 25(OH)D or 25(OH)DBio responses than nongenetic factors, including baseline value, body mass index, and sex. An inverse association of PTH-25(OH)D was demonstrated only at 25(OH)D of <50.8 (95% CI, 43.6 to 59.0) nmol/L. Conclusions: Supplemented 2000 IU/d vitamin D3 raised 25(OH)D and 25(OH)DBio but was unable to correct deficiency in 25% of Chinese participants, which might be partially attributed to the effect of genetic modification. More studies are needed to elucidate appropriate vitamin D recommendations for Asians and the potential clinical implications of 25(OH)DBio.