Observation of a Photonic Orbital Gauge Field.

Gauge field is widely studied in natural and artificial materials. With an effective magnetic field for uncharged particles, many intriguing phenomena are observed in several systems like photonic Floquet topological insulator. However, previous researches about the gauge field mostly focus on limited dimensions such as the Dirac spinor in graphene materials. Here, an orbital gauge field based on photonic triangular lattices is first proposed and experimentally observed. Disclination defects with Frank angle Ω created on such lattices breaks the original lattice symmetry and generates purely geometric gauge field operating on orbital basis functions. Interestingly, it is found that bound states near zero energy with the orbital angular momentum (OAM) l = 2 are intensively confined at the disclination as gradually expanding Ω. Moreover, the introduction of a vector potential field breaks the time-reversal symmetry of the orbital gauge field, experimentally manifested by the chiral transmission of light on helical waveguides. The orbital gauge field further suggests fantastic applications of manipulating the vortex light in photonic integrated devices.

Giant myxofibrosarcoma of the esophagus treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a fibroblast-derived sarcoma that mainly occurs in subcutaneous tissue. MFS rarely occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the esophagus. CASE SUMMARY: A 79-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for dysphagia for a week. Computed tomography and electronic gastroscopy showed that a giant mass was located 30 cm from the incisor and extended to the cardia. There was incomplete esophageal stenosis. Endoscopic pathology showed spindle cell lesions, which were considered inflammatory myofibroblast like hyperplasia. Considering the strong demands of the patient and his family, and the fact that most inflammatory myofibroblast tumors are benign, we decided to perform endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) even if the tumor size was giant (9.0 cm × 3.0 cm). Postoperative pathological examination resulted in a final diagnosis of MFS. MFS rarely occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the esophagus. Surgical resection and local adjuvant radiotherapy are the first choices to improve the prognosis. This case report firstly described the ESD for esophageal giant MFS. It suggests that ESD may be an alternative treatment for primary esophageal MFS. CONCLUSION: This case report for the first time describe the successful treatment of a giant esophageal MFS by ESD, suggesting that ESD may be an alternative treatment for primary esophageal MFS, especially in elderly high-risk patients with obvious dysphagia symptoms.

Biocompatible Microelectrode for In Vivo Sensing with Improved Performance.

In vivo sensing based on implantable microelectrodes has been widely used to monitor neurochemicals due to its high spatial and temporal resolution and engineering interface designability, which has become a powerful drive to decode the mysteries of degenerative diseases and regulate neural activity. Over the past few decades, with the development of a variety of advanced materials and technologies, encouraging progress has been made in quantifying various neurochemical transients. However, because of the complex chemical atmosphere including thousands of small and large biomolecules and the inherent low mechanical property of brain tissue, the design of a compatible microelectrode for the in vivo electrochemical tracking of neurochemicals with high selectivity and stability still faces great challenges. This Perspective presents a brief account of recent representative progress in the rational regulation of the microelectrode interface to resolve the questions of selectivity and sensitive decrease resulting from antiprotein adsorption, and how to decrease the mechanical mismatch of an implanted electrode with that of brain tissue. Possible future research directions on further addressing the above key issues and a more biocompatible microelectrode for in vivo long-time electrochemical analysis are also discussed.

Trismus originating from rare fungal myositis in pterygoid muscles: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Trismus is a common problem with various causes. Any abnormal conditions of relevant anatomic structures that disturb the free movement of the jaw might provoke trismus. Trismus has a detrimental effect on the quality of life. The outcome of this abnormality is critically dependent on timely diagnosis and treatment, and it is difficult to identify the true origin in some cases. We present a rare case of trismus due to fungal myositis in the pterygoid muscle, excluding any other possible pathogenesis. CASE SUMMARY: The patient presented with a 2-mo history of restricted mouth opening. Computed tomography showed obvious enlargement of the left pterygoid muscles. Furthermore, the patient had trismus without obvious predisposing causes. The primary diagnosis was pterygoid myosarcoma. Consequently, lesionectomy of the left pterygoid muscle was performed. Intraoperative frozen biopsy implied the possibility of an uncommon infection. Postoperative pathologic examination confirmed myositis and necrosis in the pterygoid muscle. Fungi were detected in both muscle tissue and surrounding necrotic tissue. The patient recovered well with antifungal therapy and mouth opening exercises. The rarity of fungal myositis may be responsible for the misdiagnosis. Although the origin of pathogenic fungi is still unknown, we believe that both hematogenous spread and local invasion could be the most likely sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature that reported fungal myositis in pterygoid muscles as the only reason that results in trismus. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should remain vigilant to the possibility of trismus originating from fungal myositis.

M2 macrophage-derived exosomal microRNA-155-5p promotes the immune escape of colon cancer by downregulating ZC3H12B.

Previous evidence has highlighted M2 macrophage regulation of cancer cells via exosome shuttling of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). The current study set out to explore the possible role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p in regard to immune escape of colon cancer cells. Experimental data from quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis revealed highly expressed miR-155-5p and interleukin (IL)-6 and poorly expressed ZC3H12B in M2 macrophage-derived exosomes. Additionally, miR-155-5p could be transferred by M2 macrophage-isolated exosomes to colon cancer cells, which targeted ZC3H12B by binding to the 3¢ UTR, as identified by dual luciferase reporter gene. Meanwhile, gain- and loss-of function experimentation on miR-155-5p and ZC3H12B in SW48 and HT29 cells cocultured with M2 macrophage-secreted exosomes demonstrated that miR-155-5p overexpression or ZC3H12B silencing promoted the proliferation and antiapoptosis ability of SW48 and HT29 cells, as well as augmenting the CD3+ T cell proliferation and the proportion of interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells. Xenograft models confirmed that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p reduced the ZC3H12B expression to upregulate IL-6, which consequently induced immune escape and tumor formation. Collectively, our findings indicated that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p can potentially promote the immune escape of colon cancer by impairing ZC3H12B-mediated IL-6 stability reduction, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of colon cancer.

An allenylidene Au(i) catalyst derived from triazole units and its initial application.

An allenylidene Au(i) catalyst based on triazolylidene moieties, featuring the high σ-donating ability (comparable to that of other NHC ligands) and largely enhanced π-accepting ability of its ligand, was developed for the first time. As compared with the extant gold complexes such as IPrAuCl, Ph3PAuCl and (PhO)3PAuCl, these allenylidene Au(i) catalysts exhibited superior catalytic activities in the gold-catalyzed Nazarov reaction of aryl enones.

Effects of precementation on minimizing residual cement around the marginal area of dental implants.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Residual cement is detrimental to the long-term success of dental implants with a cement-retained restoration. The complete elimination of excess cement remains a challenge. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of precementation technique on minimizing the residual cement and retention of restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four custom cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr) abutments were manufactured by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) as precementation abutments with height and radius reductions of 25 µm (A25), 50 µm (A50), 75 µm (A75), and 100 µm (A100). Fifty CAD-CAM-fabricated standard Co-Cr abutments and corresponding crowns were randomly matched and treated as follows: 10 specimens were cemented with the conventional cementation procedure with glass ionomer cement (G0), and 40 were precemented with precementation abutments (n=10) before the definitive cementation with standard abutments (G25, G50, G75, G100). The weight of the cement in the cement space was calculated, and the marginal sealing was evaluated by using a stereoscopic microscope. The effects of precementation with resin cement on minimizing residual cement around the marginal area of dental implants were further evaluated extraorally. The influence of precementation with glass ionomer and resin cement on the retention force was analyzed by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze cement mass and marginal sealing values. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the retention forces (α=.05). RESULTS: The cement weight of G50 (7.2 ±0.6 mg) was significantly higher than that of G25 (6.0 ±1.1 mg, P<.05), while no significant differences in cement weights were found among G50, G75, and G100. Consistently, the G50, G75, and G100 had higher marginal sealing values than that of the G25 (P<.01). Extraoral experiments showed that the precementation with A50 reduced subgingival residual cement without affecting retention. CONCLUSIONS: These in vitro results suggest that precementation with a precisely manufactured precementation abutment minimized the residual cement around implant abutments, and 50 µm could be a preferable precementation space.

[Remediation of Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Fields Using Soil Conditioners].

Four soil conditioners, SAMMNS, CCT01, Mineral, and Tebeigai were selected for this study. The effects of the four conditioners on soil pH, bulk density, organic matter, available nutrients, texture, microaggregates, Cd available in soil, and Cd content in brown rice were investigated using field-controlled cadmium tests conducted in cadmium-contaminated paddy fields in Pingxiang. The results showed that compared to the control, soil conditioners could increase pH, bulk density, and cation exchange capacity in soil. SAMMNS and CCT01 soil conditioners increased the amount of silt and clay, but that of sand decreased, whereas the Mineral and Tebeigai soil conditioners decreased silt and clay, and sand increased. In addition to the CCT01 soil conditioner, the application of soil conditioners increased large-scale agglomerates and reduced small-scale microaggregates. The effects of soil conditioners on soil physical and chemical properties promoted the conversion of Cd from contaminated soil from high activity to low activity, which reduced available Cd content in soil (5.21%-34.78%) and Cd content in brown rice (51.39%-68.06%). Correlation analysis showed that Cd content in brown rice was significantly positively correlated with available Cd and available phosphorus in soil, whereas it was negatively correlated with pH and bulk density in soil. Considering the effects of soil and brown rice on cadmium reduction and physicochemical properties, Tebeigai soil conditioner exhibited the best repair effects, followed by SENMES and Mineral soil conditioner.

Nanoparticles: Oral Delivery for Protein and Peptide Drugs.

Protein and peptide drugs have many advantages, such as high bioactivity and specificity, strong solubility, and low toxicity. Therefore, the strategies for improving the bioavailability of protein peptides are reviewed, including chemical modification of nanocarriers, absorption enhancers, and mucous adhesion systems. The status, advantages, and disadvantages of various strategies are systematically analyzed. The systematic and personalized design of various factors affecting the release and absorption of drugs based on nanoparticles is pointed out. It is expected to design a protein peptide oral delivery system that can be applied in the clinic.

Effect of the Wnt signal-RANKL/OPG axis on the enhanced osteogenic integration of a lithium incorporated surface.

Bone remolding involves the formation of new bone by osteoblasts and the absorption of old bones by osteoclasts. Due to the vital role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone regeneration, it might be feasible to promote osseointegration around the titanium implants by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts by modifying the surfaces of the implants. Lithium is used in the treatment of psychiatric patients, and it may be associated with osteogenesis. In this study, lithium was incorporated with sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched titanium implants via a hydrothermal treatment. In vitro, the nano-scale surface enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Moreover, the SLA-Li surface displayed a negative effect on the process of osteoclastogenesis. Further mechanism analysis indicated that the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway was activated according to the results of RT-PCR and western blotting. More importantly, the RANKL/OPG signaling axis was also involved in these effects on the SLA-Li surface. The experiments in vivo proved that the SLA-Li surface could induce the bone formation and osseointegration during the early osseointegration after the dental implant surgery. These results suggested that bone homeostasis could be manipulated by an SLA-Li surface, which implied that this new surface might serve as a promising material for clinical application in the future.

[Protective effect of Yiqi Huoxue decoction on kidney in diabetic GK rats].

To investigate the protective effect of Yiqi Huoxue decoction on the kidney in diabetic goto-Kaizaki (GK) rats. Eight Wistar rats were used as normal control group. According to body weight and blood glucose, 16 GK rats were randomly divided into model control group and Yiqi Huoxue group, with 8 rats in each group. Drugs were administrated for 6 weeks. The rats were weighed and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured weekly; the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbALc) and 24 h metabolic rate were measured at the end of third and sixth weeks, at the same time, urine was collected to measure urinary glucose (U-GLU), urinary creatinine (U-CREA) and total proteinuria (U-TP) by biochemical method and calculate 24 h protein excretion rate (UAER). At the end of treatment, rats were sacrificed in anesthesia, and creatinin (CREA), uric acid (UA) and cholesterol (CHOL) were detected by biochemical method and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was detected by manual method with the blood drawn from heart. Both kidneys were taken and weighed to calculate the renal hypertrophy index. The kidneys were placed into neutral formalin and observed under light microscope for pathological change after Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The results showed that as compared with the normal control group, FBG, HbALc, 24 h Metabolic rate, U-GLU, UAER, serum CREA, UA and CHOL levels, as well as renal hypertrophy index were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the model group, while the body weight growth rate, serum GSH-Px level were significantly reduced(P<0.05); in addition, renal glomerular injury and structural changes were observed in the model group. As compared with the model group, serum GSH-Px level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the Yiqi Huoxue group, While FBG, HbALc, 24 h Metabolic rate, U-GLU, UAER, serum CREA, UA and CHOL levels, as well as renal hypertrophy index were significantly reduced (P<0.05); meanwhile, renal glomerular injury and structural changes were improved in the Yiqi Huoxue group. The results showed that Yiqi Huoxue decoction can significantly increase serum GSH-Px level, reduce FBG, HbALc, 24 h metabolic rate, U-GLU, UAER, serum CREA, UA and CHOL levels, as well as renal hypertrophy index, and improve renal pathology in diabetic GK rats.

Influence of Lateral Windows with Decreased Vertical Height Following Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation: A 1-year Clinical and Radiographic Study.

PURPOSE: To verify whether lateral sinus floor elevation (LSFE) with the vertical height of the osteotomy decreased to 3 to 5 mm can achieve improvement compared with a conventional lateral window in terms of implant survival, graft stability, and related complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 49 patients who were selected for inclusion in this retrospective study, 25 patients were in the test group and 24 were in the control group based on the vertical height of the lateral window. Each patient received the LSFE treatment using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) based on the two different vertical heights of the lateral window (test group: 3 to 5 mm; control group: 6 to 8 mm in vertical height). Residual bone dimensions were measured preoperatively, and graft dimensions were measured immediately after the procedure (baseline), 6 months (T1), and 1 year (T2) postoperatively on the basis of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. CBCT scan data at the baseline were analyzed with image processing software to evaluate the volume of augmented material, and they were transformed into three-dimensional reconstruction images to calibrate the window dimension. Implant failure and recorded intraoperative and postoperative complications were counted. RESULTS: A prominent augmented graft height was obtained in both groups (test group: 9.48 ± 3.27 mm; control group: 10.44 ± 3.01 mm) with no significant difference; likewise, no difference was observed concerning augmented graft volume. Neither cumulative survival rate (CSR) nor augmented graft height decrement had any statistical intergroup difference during each follow-up interval. CSRs were detected as 100% for the test group and 94.28% and 91.67% for the control group based on implants and patients, respectively. Intraoperative membrane perforation was reported in two cases with a few nosebleeds the first night in the test group, while one case occurred in the control group. All the perforations were successfully sealed intraoperatively by a collagen membrane. CONCLUSION: Osteotomy of LSFE with decreased vertical height yielded similar results to the control group with conventional dimensions in terms of implant survival, graft stability, and related complications with 1 year of follow-up. Notwithstanding, a prospective split-mouth randomized controlled trial with long-term observation is imperative to further investigate the influence of decreased vertical height of the lateral window on maturation and consolidation of DBBM.

[Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Rice Varieties].

Field experiments were conducted on the heavy metal contents (Cd, Pb, Cr, inorganic As, and total Hg) of the 129 main cultivated rice varieties in southern China. We analyzed the effects of different varieties and types of rice on the absorption capacities of these heavy metals. The results showed that the Cd content in 35 brown rice of early rice was 0.35-0.60 mg·kg-1, exceeding the standard rate of 100%. The Pb content in brown rice was 0.08-0.30 mg·kg-1, exceeding the rate of 14.29%. The Cd content in 54 brown rice of medium rice was 0.03-0.45 mg·kg-1, exceeding the rate of 33.33%. The Cd content in 40 brown rice of late rice was 0.08-0.20 mg·kg-1, which did not exceed the national standard. Early, middle, and late rice all showed that the Cd content of three-line hybrid rice was higher than that of two-line hybrid rice, but the difference was not obvious. The contents of Cr and total Hg in brown rice of three-line hybrid rice in early rice were significantly higher than that of two-line hybrid rice. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd content in brown rice and Pb and total Hg content in medium rice, and there was a significant negative correlation between inorganic Cd content and inorganic As content, whereas there was no significant correlation between Cd and Cr content. In short, rice's absorption and accumulation of heavy metals is greatly affected by genetic background, species types, and heavy metal interactions.

Modulation of mitogen­activated protein kinase attenuates sepsis­induced acute lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome rats.

Sepsis is the most important predisposing cause inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, the mechanism of sepsis leading to the development of ARDS remains to be elucidated. Suppression of the mitogen­activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal by blocking the phosphorylation of Jun N­terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 in lung tissues could alleviate acute lung injury induced by sepsis. MAPK signaling may have a crucial role in development of the sepsis­induced acute lung injury. The specific inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPK, SP600125 and SB203580, were administrated by intragastric injection 4 h before induction of ARDS after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were sacrificed at 1, 6 or 24 h after CLP challenge. The histological evaluation, lung water content, and biochemical analysis were performed. The results revealed that the JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitor improved lung permeability, attenuated system inflammation, further alleviated the lung injury induced by sepsis. In conclusion, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling are essential for the development of ARDS following sepsis. Further studies are needed to illuminate the detailed mechanisms of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling in sepsis­induced ARDS.

Positive effect of strontium-oxide layer on the osseointegration of moderately rough titanium surface in non-osteoporotic rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of strontium-oxide layer on new bone formation and osseointegration of sandblasted large-grit double-acid-etched (SLA) implant. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Strontium-oxide layer on the SLA surface was produced by hydrothermal treatment using a Sr-containing solution. The surface topographies, roughness, hardness values, chemical elements and ionic release of SLA and the strontium-containing SLA (Sr-SLA) surface were measured by special instruments separately. Sixty-four SLA and Sr-SLA implants were inserted into the proximal tibiae and femoral condyles of sixteen non-osteoporotic New Zealand white rabbits. The biological effects were evaluated by removal torque (RTQ) testing and histomorphometric analysis after 3 and 6 weeks of implantation. RESULTS: The surface characteristics showed Sr-SLA surfaces with dotted nanostructures can release appropriate amount of strontium ions into surrounding tissue till 14 days. In vivo, the Sr-SLA implants presented significantly higher RTQ than SLA implants at 3 and 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The Sr-SLA implants presented higher bone-to-implant contact (BIC) than SLA implants in cortical bone at 3 and 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The bone area was slightly higher for the Sr-SLA implants at 3 and 6 weeks (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The strontium-oxide layer on the SLA surface has the potential to improve implant osseointegration in non-osteoporotic rabbits.

Primary small cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine properties of the mandible: A case report and literature review.

Small-cell carcinomas at extrapulmonary primary sites are rare but they have been documented to arise at various locations. We report a case of small-cell carcinoma arising in the mandible, which has so far not been reported in the literature. A 37-year-old male patient underwent partial resection of the left mandible and adjuvant chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of small-cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine properties. The patient has been free of disease for 18 months after receiving treatment and was alive at the time of writing. We recommend surgical resection followed by chemotherapy for managing small-cell carcinomas in the mandibular region.

Long-term outcomes of osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafts: a clinical retrospective study of 4-9 years.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of dental implant placed using osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) without bone grafts, and to analyze the potential influence factors of implant survival and endo-sinus bone remodeling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study design was adopted. The clinical and radiographic data of 96 implants in 80 patients were collected after 4-9 (mean 5.40) years follow-up. Implant failures, peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL), and endo-sinus bone remodeling on the radiographs were evaluated. A life-table analysis was used to assess the implant survival. Statistical models were established to investigate the potential influence factors of implant survival and endo-sinus bone gain (ESBG). RESULTS: In total, nine implants in seven patients failed, giving the 9-year cumulative survival rates of 90.6% and 91.3% for implant-based analysis and patient-based analysis, respectively. The mean MBL between implant installation and the 4- and 9-year follow-up visit was 0.46 ± 0.88 and 0.50 ± 1.69 mm, respectively. The average ESBG on radiographs was 2.95 ± 1.25 and 2.16 ± 1.13 mm at the 4- and 9-year follow-up. The final ESBG was found to be positively correlated to implant protrusion length after surgery without any other factors related. The implant survival rate was significantly lower in severe atrophic site (residual bone height <5 mm). CONCLUSION: Osteotome sinus floor elevation without bone grafts is a predictable treatment modality in the long run. But it should be used with caution when the initial bone height of the edentulous site is lower than 5 mm. The final endo-sinus bone height was found to be positively correlated to implant protrusion length measured on radiographs immediately after implant installation.

Effects of storage medium and UV photofunctionalization on time-related changes of titanium surface characteristics and biocompatibility.

Storage in aqueous solution and ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization are two applicable methods to overcome the biological aging and increase the bioactivity of titanium. As information regarding the combined effects of storage medium and UV photofunctionalization has never been found in published literatures, this study focused on whether appropriate storage methods and UV photofunctionalization have synergistic effects on the biological properties of aged titanium surfaces. Titanium plates and discs were sandblasted and acid etched and then further prepared in five different modes as using different storage mediums (air or dH2 O) for 4 weeks and then with or without UV treatment. The surface characteristics were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the surfaces, and cellular morphology, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin release were evaluated. The results showed that nanostructures were observed on water-stored titanium surfaces with a size of about 15 × 20 nm(2) . UV treatment was effective to remove the hydrocarbon contamination on titanium surfaces stored in either air or water. UV photofunctionalization further enhanced the already increased bioactivity of modSLA on initial cell attachment, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin release. Overall, UV photofunctionalization was effective in further enhancing the already increased bioactivity by using dH2 O as storage medium, and the effect of UV treatment was much more overwhelming than that of the storage medium. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 932-940, 2016.

[Relationship between upper airway and cranial-facial growth patterns in adolescents with normal occlusion].

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between upper airway and cranial-facial growth pattern among teenagers with normal occlusion. METHODS: The study subjects consisted of 52 boys and 64 girls with normal occlusion. Their cephalometric radiographs were obtained. The sagittal diameter of upper airway was analyzed according to gender and different growth pattern. The relationship of upper airway diameter and cranial-facial formation was evaluated by stepwise regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between male and female about upper airway diameter in teenagers, also no difference was found among different growth patterns. Regression analysis showed that upper airway was associated with some cranial-facial formation parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is no significant difference in the upper airway diameters among different growth patterns, there is still certain association between cranial-facial formation and upper airway in adolescents.

Inhibition of HIF-1α Affects Autophagy Mediated Glycosylation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells.

Purpose. To validate the function of autophagy with the regulation of hypoxia inhibitor-induced glycosylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell. Methods. Human Tca8113 cell line was used to detect autophagy and glycosylation related protein expression by western blotting and immunofluorescence with HIF-1α inhibitor. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection blocked human ATG12 and ATG1. Results. HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 reduced the amount of LC3-II and LC3-I in Tca8113 cells. PX-478 decreased the expression of O-GlcNAc and OGT and increased OGA expression. The tendency of O-GlcNAc showed a similar pattern to OGT. PX-478 gradually decreased OGT expression in Tca8113 cells. Protein level of O-GlcNAc and OGT increased in ATG12 and ATG1 depletion. The expression of OGT decreased at first and then rose slowly with the treatment of Atg12 and Atg1 siRNA and PX-478 fluctuant. Autophagy affected the stability of OGT when HIF-1α signaling was blocked. Conclusions. Autophagy reduced by hypoxic stress inhibited. HIF-1α inhibitor decreased glycosylation. OGT became unstable in the absence of autophagy when HIF-1α signaling was blocked.