Interfacial-Assembly-Induced In Situ Transformation from Aligned 1D Nanowires to Quasi-2D Nanofilms.

As the dimensionality of materials generally affects their characteristics, thin films composed of low-dimensional nanomaterials, such as nanowires (NWs) or nanoplates, are of great importance in modern engineering. Among various bottom-up film fabrication strategies, interfacial assembly of nanoscale building blocks holds great promise in constructing large-scale aligned thin films, leading to emergent or enhanced collective properties compared to individual building blocks. As for 1D nanostructures, the interfacial self-assembly causes the morphology orientation, effectively achieving anisotropic electrical, thermal, and optical conduction. However, issues such as defects between each nanoscale building block, crystal orientation, and homogeneity constrain the application of ordered films. The precise control of transdimensional synthesis and the formation mechanism from 1D to 2D are rarely reported. To meet this gap, we introduce an interfacial-assembly-induced interfacial synthesis strategy and successfully synthesize quasi-2D nanofilms via the oriented attachment of 1D NWs on the liquid interface. Theoretical sampling and simulation show that NWs on the liquid interface maintain their lowest interaction energy for the ordered crystal plane (110) orientation and then rearrange and attach to the quasi-2D nanofilm. This quasi-2D nanofilm shows enhanced electric conductivity and unique optical properties compared with its corresponding 1D geometry materials. Uncovering these growth pathways of the 1D-to-2D transition provides opportunities for future material design and synthesis at the interface.

Molecular Identification and Survey of Trichomonad Species in Pigs in Shanxi Province, North China.

Several trichomonad species have already been identified in pigs, and their pathogenic potential may not be ruled out. To date, however, no information is available regarding the prevalence of trichomonads in pigs in Shanxi Province, North China. In the present study, a total of 362 fecal samples collected from pigs in three representative counties (Qi, Jishan, and Shanyin) in this province were examined for Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, Tritrichomonas foetus, and Pentatrichomonas hominis using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall prevalence of T. buttreyi was 49.72%, and region and age were found to be significantly associated with T. buttreyi infection, respectively. Only one pig fecal sample from Qi County was found to be positive for T. foetus, and all samples were negative for P. hominis. Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that some T. buttreyi isolates showed complete genetic identity with those reported previously, and some T. buttreyi isolates and one T. foetus isolate showed minor allelic variations compared with those reported previously. This is the report of the molecular epidemiology of T. foetus and T. buttreyi in pigs in Shanxi Province, North China. These findings not only enrich the knowledge on the distribution of these trichomonad species in pigs in China but also provide baseline information for planning future research and control strategies.

MolLoG: A Molecular Level Interpretability Model Bridging Local to Global for Predicting Drug Target Interactions.

Developing new pharmaceuticals is a costly and time-consuming endeavor fraught with significant safety risks. A critical aspect of drug research and disease therapy is discerning the existence of interactions between drugs and proteins. The evolution of deep learning (DL) in computer science has been remarkably aided in this regard in recent years. Yet, two challenges remain: (i) balancing the extraction of profound, local cohesive characteristics while warding off gradient disappearance and (ii) globally representing and understanding the interactions between the drug and target local attributes, which is vital for delivering molecular level insights indispensable to drug development. In response to these challenges, we propose a DL network structure, MolLoG, primarily comprising two modules: local feature encoders (LFE) and global interactive learning (GIL). Within the LFE module, graph convolution networks and leap blocks capture the local features of drug and protein molecules, respectively. The GIL module enables the efficient amalgamation of feature information, facilitating the global learning of feature structural semantics and procuring multihead attention weights for abstract features stemming from two modalities, providing biologically pertinent explanations for black-box results. Finally, predictive outcomes are achieved by decoding the unified representation via a multilayer perceptron. Our experimental analysis reveals that MolLoG outperforms several cutting-edge baselines across four data sets, delivering superior overall performance and providing satisfactory results when elucidating various facets of drug-target interaction predictions.

Cerebral syphilitic gumma misdiagnosed as brain abscess: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral syphilitic gumma is a relatively rare clinical disease. Its clinical manifestations are non-specific, and the imaging manifestations are similar to other intracranial occupying lesions, often misdiagnosed as tumors or abscesses. There are few reports on this disease in the relevant literature. To our knowledge, we have reported the first case of cerebral syphilitic gumma misdiagnosed as a brain abscess.We report this case and provide useful information for clinical doctors on neurosyphilis diseases. CASE SUMMARY: We report the case to explore the diagnostic essentials of cerebral syphilitic gumma and attempt to mitigate the rates of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis by equipping physicians with knowledge of neurosyphilis characteristics. The clinical diagnosis and treatment of a patient with cerebral syphilitic gumma were reported. Clinical manifestations, classifications, and diagnostic points were retrospectively analyzed. The patient was admitted to the hospital with fever and limb weakness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple space-occupying lesions and a positive serum Treponema pallidum gelatin agglutination test. The patient was misdiagnosed as having a brain abscess and underwent a craniotomy. A postoperative pathological diagnosis of syphilis gumma was made. The patient improved and was discharged after penicillin anti-syphilis treatment. Follow-up recovery was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Cerebral syphilitic gumma is rare in clinical practice, and it is often misdiagnosed and missed. Clinical diagnosis should be considered in combination with multiple examinations.

LLGL2 Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Metastasis by Regulating Cytoskeleton Remodeling via ACTN1.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignant tumor. Although debulking surgery, chemotherapy, and PARP inhibitors have greatly improved survival, the prognosis for patients with advanced EOC without HRD is still poor. LLGL2, as a cell polarity factor, is involved in maintaining cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. In the study of zebrafish development, LLGL2 regulated the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells and the formation of cortical F-actin. However, the role of LLGL2 in ovarian cancer has not been described. Our study found, through bioinformatics analysis, that low expression of LLGL2 was significantly associated with a more advanced stage and a higher grade of EOC and a poorer survival of patients. Functional experiments that involved LLGL2 overexpression and knockdown showed that LLGL2 inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of ovarian cancer cells in vitro, without affecting their proliferation. LLGL2-overexpressing mice had fewer metastatic implant foci than the controls in vivo. Mechanistically, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis suggested that LLGL2 regulated cytoskeletal remodeling by interacting with ACTN1. LLGL2 altered the intracellular localization and function of ACTN1 without changing its protein and mRNA levels. Collectively, we uncovered that LLGL2 impaired actin filament aggregation into bundles by interacting with ACTN1, which led to cytoskeleton remodeling and inhibition of the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells.

A torus source and its application for non-primary radiation evaluation.

Objective. Non-primary radiation doses to normal tissues from proton therapy may be associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, particularly in long-term survivors. Thus, a systematic method to evaluate if the dose level of non-primary radiation meets the IEC standard requirements is needed.Approach. Different from the traditional photon radiation therapy system, proton therapy systems are composed of several subsystems in a thick bunker. These subsystems are all possible sources of non-primary radiation threatening the patient. As a case study, 7 sources in the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system are modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) code: tandem injector, injection, synchrotron ring, extraction, beam transport line, scanning nozzle and concrete reflection/scattering. To accurately evaluate the synchrotron beam loss and non-primary dose, a new model called the torus source model is developed. Its parametric equations define the position and direction of the off-orbit particle bombardment on the torus pipe shell in the Cartesian coordinate system. Non-primary doses are finally calculated by several FLUKA simulations.Main results. The ratios of summarized non-primary doses from different sources to the planned dose of 2 Gy are all much smaller than the IEC requirements in both the 15-50 cm and 50-200 cm regions. Thus, the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system is clean and patient-friendly, and there is no need an inner shielding concrete between the accelerator and patient.Significance. Non-primary radiation dose level is a very important indicator to evaluate the quality of a PT system. This manuscript provides a feasible MC procedure for synchrotron-based proton therapy with new beam loss model. Which could help people figure out precisely whether this level complies with the IEC standard before the system put into clinical treatment. What' more, the torus source model could be widely used for bending magnets in gantries and synchrotrons to evaluate non-primary doses or other radiation doses.

Structural Design of Intelligent Reversible Two-Way Structural Color Films.

Structural color always shows a reversible switch between reflection and transmission states when viewed from different angles, attracting increasing attention in display applications. However, this switching between reflection and transmission states of structural color suffers from the inherent lack of autonomous regulation, which is unmanageable in the case of different application scenarios. Here, we design an intelligent two-way structural color film which can reversibly change its color when applied with an extra stimulation such as voltage, heat signal, or light. A special structural feature contains a traditional photonic crystal film of polystyrene (PS) microspheres assembled by smart windows. Remarkably, our structural color film shows a prominent polarization sensitivity, and the angle dependence of the structural color broadens the gamut of display color demonstrated by both finite element theoretical analysis and experimental observation. Prospectively, this hierarchically designed film provides a promising pathway toward next-generation multicolor displays and smart windows.

Nanowire-based smart windows combining electro- and thermochromics for dynamic regulation of solar radiation.

Smart window is an attractive option for efficient heat management to minimize energy consumption and improve indoor living comfort owing to their optical properties of adjusting sunlight. To effectively improve the sunlight modulation and heat management capability of smart windows, here, we propose a co-assembly strategy to fabricate the electrochromic and thermochromic smart windows with tunable components and ordered structures for the dynamic regulation of solar radiation. Firstly, to enhance both illumination and cooling efficiency in electrochromic windows, the aspect ratio and mixed type of Au nanorods are tuned to selectively absorb the near-infrared wavelength range of 760 to 1360 nm. Furthermore, when assembled with electrochromic W18O49 nanowires in the colored state, the Au nanorods exhibit a synergistic effect, resulting in a 90% reduction of near-infrared light and a corresponding 5 °C cooling effect under 1-sun irradiation. Secondly, to extend the fixed response temperature value to a wider range of 30-50 °C in thermochromic windows, the doping amount and mixed type of W-VO2 nanowires are carefully regulated. Last but not the least, the ordered assembly structure of the nanowires can greatly reduce the level of haze and enhance visibility in the windows.

Genotyping Characteristics of Human Fecal Escherichia coli and Their Association with Multidrug Resistance in Miyun District, Beijing.

Objective: To explore the genotyping characteristics of human fecal Escherichia coli( E. coli) and the relationships between antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and multidrug resistance (MDR) of E. coli in Miyun District, Beijing, an area with high incidence of infectious diarrheal cases but no related data. Methods: Over a period of 3 years, 94 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples collected from Miyun District Hospital, a surveillance hospital of the National Pathogen Identification Network. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the broth microdilution method. ARGs, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and polymorphism trees were analyzed using whole-genome sequencing data (WGS). Results: This study revealed that 68.09% of the isolates had MDR, prevalent and distributed in different clades, with a relatively high rate and low pathogenicity. There was no difference in MDR between the diarrheal (49/70) and healthy groups (15/24). Conclusion: We developed a random forest (RF) prediction model of TEM.1 + baeR + mphA + mphB + QnrS1 + AAC.3-IId to identify MDR status, highlighting its potential for early resistance identification. The causes of MDR are likely mobile units transmitting the ARGs. In the future, we will continue to strengthen the monitoring of ARGs and MDR, and increase the number of strains to further verify the accuracy of the MDR markers.

[Main Infection Control Measures for Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Medical Institutions and Public Places in China].

Respiratory infectious diseases (RID) are the major public health problems threatening the people's lives and health.Infection control (IC) is one of the effective tools to contain the occurrence and spread of RID.We collected the articles and data on IC published since January 1,2018 and summarized the achievements,problems,and challenges of IC from administrative control,management control,environment and engineering control,and personal protection in the medical institutions and public places in China.The efforts for IC vary in different regions and medical institutions of different levels.There are still links to be improved for IC from administrative control,management control,environment and engineering control,and personal protection,especially in community-level medical institutions and public areas.It is urgent to strengthen the implementation of IC policies and conduct IC precisely according to local situations.We proposed the following suggestions.First,the existing IC products and tools should be applied to precisely implement the IC measures;second,modern high technology should be employed to develop efficient and convenient IC products and tools;finally,a digital or intelligent IC platform should be built for monitoring infections,so as to contain the occurrence and spread of RID.

The imported infections among foreign travelers in China: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: In the past few decades, globalization has rendered more frequent and intensive population movement between countries, which has changed the original disease spectrum and brought a huge health impact on the global population including China. This study aims to describe the spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of imported infections among foreign travelers travelling to China. METHODS: The data on imported infections among foreign travelers were obtained from Custom Inbound Screening System (CISS) and the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System (NNIDRS). All the infections were classified into respiratory, gastrointestinal, vector-borne, blood/sex-transmitted and mucocutaneous diseases, of which case numbers and incidences were calculated and the proportions were compared among subgroups. RESULTS: In total, 17,189 travelers diagnosed with 58 imported infectious diseases were reported from 2014 to 2018, with an overall incidence of 122.59 per million. Respiratory infection (7,351 cases, mainly influenza) and blood/sex-transmitted diseases (6,114 cases mainly Hepatitis B and HIV infection) were the most frequently diagnosed diseases, followed by vector-borne infections (3,128 cases, mainly dengue fever and malaria). The highest case number was from Asia and Europe, while the highest incidence rate was from Africa (296.00 per million). When specific diagnosis was compared, both the highest absolute case number and incidence were observed for influenza. An obvious seasonal pattern was observed for vector-borne diseases, with the annual epidemic spanning from July to November. The origin-destination matrices disclosed the movement of imported infection followed specific routes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided a profile of infectious diseases among foreign travelers travelling to China and pinpointed the target regions, seasons and populations for prevention and control, to attain an informed control of imported infections in China.

Immunotherapy for Sepsis Induced by Infections: Clinical Evidence and Potential Targets.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the maladjustment of the body's response to infection. Abnormal immune response plays an important role in the progression of sepsis, and immunomodulatory therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis. Great efforts have been made recently to elucidate the mechanism by which immune dysfunction contributes to sepsis, and identify potential biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and therapy of sepsis induced by emerging pathogens, especially for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the understanding of immune dysregulation involved in sepsis, and highlight potential biomarkers and targets to evaluate immune status of the patients with sepsis for individualized and precise immunotherapy.

Janus Helical Ribbon Structure of Ordered Nanowire Films for Flexible Solar Thermoelectric Devices.

Solar thermoelectric devices play a significant role in addressing the problem of global warming, owing to their unique features of converting both waste heat and solar energy directly into electricity. Herein, a flexible 3D Janus helical ribbon architecture is designed, starting from well-aligned tellurium (Te) nanowire film, using an in situ redox process reacting with Ag+ and Cu2+ resulting in n-type, p-type, and photothermal sides in one film. Remarkably, the device shows all-day electricity generation and large temperature gradient by coupling the cold side with a passive radiative cooling technique and the hot side with a selective solar absorption technique, showing a temperature gradient of 29.5 K, which is much higher than previously reported devices under a low solar radiation of only 614 W m-2 . Especially, the device can still generate electricity even at night. The present strategy offers a new way for heat management by efficiently utilizing solar energy and the cold of the universe.

Controllable Inverse Photoconductance in Semiconducting Nanowire Films.

As a typical p-type semiconductor, tellurium (Te) has been widely studied for the construction of photodetectors. However, only the positive photoconductance of Te-based photodetectors based on the photoconductive effect has been observed in the reported literature. Herein, an unusual but interesting phenomenon, in that tellurium nanowires (NWs) behave with negative photoresponse to positive photoresponse under enlarged optical intensities from the UV to VIS-IR region is reported. According to the experiments and simulations, adsorbed oxygen on the surface of Te NWs plays a significant role in the abnormal photoresponse. The inverse photoconductance can be attributed to the competition between the photoconductive effect and the oxygen desorption effect. Moreover, the influence of the size and layers of Te NWs is also discussed. This inverse photoconductance phenomenon is further explored by introducing the Te-Au heterojunction system. Hot-electron injection at the Te-Au heterojunction interface induces a more obvious tendency to behave with a negative photoresponse. These findings will be beneficial for potential applications of Te-NW-based photodetectors.

Manipulating Nanowire Structures for an Enhanced Broad-Band Flexible Photothermoelectric Photodetector.

The photothermoelectric effect, directly converting light energy into electrical energy, shows promising prospects in self-powered broad-band optical detection, which can extend to various applications, such as sensing, optoelectronic communications, and wide-temperature-range measurements. However, the low photosensitivity, narrow-band response, and rapid performance degeneration under continuous illumination restrict its broad application. Herein, we propose a simple bottom-up strategy to manipulate nanowires (NWs) into a well-defined multilayer Te-Ag2Te-Ag NW film, resulting in a high-performance photothermoelectric photodetector with a broad-band responsivity (4.1 V/W), large detectivity (944 MHz1/2 W-1), and fast response speed (0.4-0.7 s from 365 to 1200 nm). In addition, the ultrathin structure endows this device with slow and weak transverse heat conduction, enabling a stable voltage without an obvious degeneration over 1500 s. The highly anisotropic arrangement of NWs gives this device a prominent polarization sensitivity. Prospectively, this hierarchically designed nanowire film provides a promising pathway toward engineering photodetectors with high performance.

Reduction-Controlled Atomic Migration for Single Atom Alloy Library.

Picturing the atomic migration pathways of catalysts in a reactive atmosphere is of central significance for uncovering the underlying catalytic mechanisms and directing the design of high-performance catalysts. Here, we describe a reduction-controlled atomic migration pathway that converts nanoparticles to single atom alloys (SAAs), which has remained synthetically challenging in prior attempts due to the elusive mechanism. We achieved this by thermally treating the noble-metal nanoparticles M (M = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au) on metal oxide (CuO) supports with H2/Ar. Atomic-level characterization revealed such conversion as the synergistic consequence of noble metal-promoted H2 dissociation and concomitant CuO reduction. The observed atomic migration pathway offers an understanding of the dynamic mechanisms study of nanomaterials formation and catalyst design.

Self-Assembly of Nanowires: From Dynamic Monitoring to Precision Control.

Natural biomaterials often show ordered nanowire structures (ONWS) which display unique structural color or superior mechanical performance. Meanwhile, plenty of modern nanodevices with ONWS have flourished with activities focused on both basic and applied research. Manipulating synthetic nanowire (NW) from a disordered state to a hierarchically ordered structure via various assembly strategies brings about intriguing and exotic chemical/physical properties. In the past decades, many methods have been developed to assemble NWs and fabricate organized architectures, such as Langmuir-Blodgett interfacial assembly, spin-coating assembly, fluid-flow-induced assembly, and ice-template assembly. Nevertheless, for practical applications, large-scale and high-efficiency assembly strategies toward precise controlled architectures are largely limited by the lack understanding of assembly mechanisms. Especially, the manipulation principles and driving forces behind the state-of-art assembly strategies are still unclear. Besides, the lesser research attention on dynamic kinetics also impedes the revelation of the NW self-assembly mechanism. With the emergence of advanced in situ techniques, such as synchrotron-based X-ray techniques and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the dynamic monitoring of NW behavior in many practical environments becomes possible. In addition, the alignment direction and the stacking manner of NW film are of significance to the final performance. There is a lack of connection between the properties of one-dimensional nanoscale building blocks and the functionalities of the macro-assembly structures. To this end, dynamic monitoring is highly desired, which enables the precision modulation of NW assembly structure, leading to the discovery or prediction of new structures, novel properties, and performance optimization.In this Account, we aim to uncover the underlying kinetics of NW assembly or local reaction and mass transportation processes, as well as to build a solid connection from individual NWs to NW assembly structures with enhanced properties and eventually to macroscopic materials application. We first review the recent progress in state-of-art NW assembly strategies for diverse aligned structures according to the manipulation principle and the driving forces. To systematically review the NW self-assembly strategies, we categorize these strategies into three states: NWs on the liquid interface via surface tension, NW assembly in liquid via solution-shearing flow field, and NW assembly at the solid interval via physical repulsive force. Then, we introduce the existing advanced characterization techniques, including synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and in situ TEM, to dynamically monitor the intermediate states of the NW assembly and transport processes. The comprehensive understanding of this thermodynamic and kinetic mechanism facilitates the rational design, large scale, and high-efficiency fabrication of NW assemblies, thus promoting their applications in tailored optical-electrical electronics, smart electrochromic devices, electrocatalysis, structural materials, and chiral photonic crystals.

Fatal community-acquired bloodstream infection caused by Klebsiella variicola: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an infective microorganism of worldwide concern because of its varied manifestations and life-threatening potential. Genetic analyses have revealed that subspecies of K. pneumoniae exhibit higher virulence and mortality. However, infections with Klebsiella subspecies are often misdiagnosed and underestimated in the clinic because of difficulties in distinguishing K. pneumoniae from its subspecies using routine tests. This case study reports the rapid and fatal effects of K. pneumoniae subspecies. CASE SUMMARY: A 52-year-old male patient was febrile and admitted to hospital. Examinations excluded viral and fungal causes along with mycoplasma/chlamydia and parasitic infections. Bacterial cultures revealed blood-borne K. pneumoniae sensitive to carbapenem antibiotics, although corresponding treatment failed to improve the patient's symptoms. His condition worsened and death occurred within 72 h of symptom onset from sepsis shock. Application of the PMseq-DNA Pro high throughput gene detection assay was implemented with results obtained after death showing a mixed infection of K. pneumoniae and Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola). Clinical evidence suggested that K. variicola rather than K. pneumoniae contributed to the patient's poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report to show patient death from Klebsiella subspecies infection within a short period of time. This case provides a timely reminder of the clinical hazards posed by Klebsiella subspecies and highlights the limitations of classical laboratory methods in guiding anti-infective therapies for complex cases. Moreover, this report serves as reference for physicians diagnosing similar diseases and provides a recommendation to employ early genetic detection to aid patient diagnosis and management.

Epidemiological characteristics of imported respiratory infectious diseases in China, 2014‒2018.

BACKGROUND: With the progress of globalization, international mobility increases, greatly facilitating cross-border transmission of respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs). This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and factors influencing imported RIDs, with the goal of providing evidence to support adoption of high-tech, intelligent methods to early find imported RIDs and prevent their spread in China. METHODS: We obtained data of imported RIDs cases from 2014 to 2018 from the Inbound Sentinel Network of Customs and the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System in China. We analyzed spatial, temporal, and population distribution characteristics of the imported RIDs. We developed an index to describe seasonality. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine associations between independent variables and imported cases. Data analyses and visualizations were conducted with R software. RESULTS: From a total of 1 409 265 253 inbound travelers, 31 732 (2.25/100 000) imported RIDs cases were reported. RIDs cases were imported from 142 countries and five continents. The incidence of imported RIDs was nearly 5 times higher in 2018 (2.81/100 000) than in 2014 (0.58/100 000). Among foreigners, incidence rates were higher among males (5.32/100 000), 0-14-year-olds (15.15/100 000), and cases originating in Oceania (11.10/100 000). The vast majority (90.3%) of imported RIDs were influenza, with seasonality consistent with annual seasonality of influenza. The spatial distribution of imported RIDs was different between Chinese citizens and foreigners. Increases in inbound travel volume and the number of influenza cases in source countries were associated with the number of imported RIDs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study documented importation of RIDs into China from 142 countries. Inbound travel poses a significant risks bringing important RIDs to China. It is urgent to strengthen surveillance at customs of inbound travelers and establish an intelligent surveillance and early warning system to prevent importation of RIDs to China for preventing further spread within China.