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1.
Brief Bioinform ; 25(4)2024 May 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38888457

ABSTRACT

Large sample datasets have been regarded as the primary basis for innovative discoveries and the solution to missing heritability in genome-wide association studies. However, their computational complexity cannot consider all comprehensive effects and all polygenic backgrounds, which reduces the effectiveness of large datasets. To address these challenges, we included all effects and polygenic backgrounds in a mixed logistic model for binary traits and compressed four variance components into two. The compressed model combined three computational algorithms to develop an innovative method, called FastBiCmrMLM, for large data analysis. These algorithms were tailored to sample size, computational speed, and reduced memory requirements. To mine additional genes, linkage disequilibrium markers were replaced by bin-based haplotypes, which are analyzed by FastBiCmrMLM, named FastBiCmrMLM-Hap. Simulation studies highlighted the superiority of FastBiCmrMLM over GMMAT, SAIGE and fastGWA-GLMM in identifying dominant, small α (allele substitution effect), and rare variants. In the UK Biobank-scale dataset, we demonstrated that FastBiCmrMLM could detect variants as small as 0.03% and with α ≈ 0. In re-analyses of seven diseases in the WTCCC datasets, 29 candidate genes, with both functional and TWAS evidence, around 36 variants identified only by the new methods, strongly validated the new methods. These methods offer a new way to decipher the genetic architecture of binary traits and address the challenges outlined above.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Genome-Wide Association Study , Genome-Wide Association Study/methods , Humans , Logistic Models , Case-Control Studies , Linkage Disequilibrium , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Genomics/methods , Computer Simulation , Haplotypes , Models, Genetic
2.
Can J Neurol Sci ; 31(4): 438-50, 2004 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15595246

ABSTRACT

The behaviourally unresponsive patient, unable to exhibit the presence of cognition, constitutes a conundrum for health care specialists. Prognostic uncertainty impedes accurate management decisions and the application of ethical principles. An early, reliable prognosis is highly desirable. In this review investigations studying comatose patients with coma of different etiologies were selected. It is concluded that objective prognostication is enhanced by the use of electrophysiological tests. Persistent abnormalities of brainstem auditory evoked potentials and short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials reliably indicate the likelihood of irreversible neurological deficit or death. Meanwhile, the presence of "cognitive" event-related brain potentials (e.g., P300 and mismatch negativity) reflects the functional integrity of higher level information processing and, therefore, the likelihood of capacity for cognition. An approach that combines clinical and electrophysiological values provides optimal prediction of outcome and level of disability.


Subject(s)
Brain Stem/physiopathology , Coma/diagnosis , Evoked Potentials , Mental Processes , Recovery of Function , Acoustic Stimulation , Coma/physiopathology , Electroencephalography , Event-Related Potentials, P300 , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory , Humans , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Severity of Illness Index , Trauma Severity Indices
3.
J Clin Neurophysiol ; 21(5): 379-90, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15592010

ABSTRACT

Clinical assessment of the unresponsive patient is limited to examination of brainstem reflexes and simple motor responses to stimulation. It is thus difficult, especially if brainstem functions are intact, to give early, accurate prognostic information on comatose patients. Neurochemical tests and imaging have not been validated and have significant limitations. Electrophysiologic investigations provide a window into cerebral function and are tested, clinically useful, safe, available, and inexpensive. Persistent abnormalities of brainstem auditory evoked potentials and short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials reliably indicate the likelihood permanent vegetative state or death. Conversely, the presence of "cognitive" event-related brain potentials (e.g., P300 and mismatch negativity) reflects the functional integrity of higher-level information processing and, therefore, the likelihood of capacity for cognition. A combined clinical and electrophysiologic approach provides optimal prediction of outcome and level of disability.


Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/diagnosis , Brain Mapping/methods , Coma/diagnosis , Critical Care/methods , Electroencephalography/methods , Evoked Potentials , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/diagnosis , Brain Injuries/complications , Coma/complications , Humans , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/complications , Prognosis
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