Formononetin represses cervical tumorigenesis by interfering with the activation of PD-L1 through MYC and STAT3 downregulation.

A. membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicine that regulates blood sugar levels, suppresses inflammation, protects the liver, and enhances immunity. In addition, A. membranaceus is also widely used in diet therapy and is a well-known health tonic. Formononetin is a natural product isolated from A. membranaceus that has multiple biological functions, including anti-cancer activity. However, the mechanism by which formononetin inhibits tumor growth is not fully understood. In this present study, we demonstrated that formononetin suppresses PD-L1 protein synthesis via reduction of MYC and STAT3 protein expression. Furthermore, formononetin markedly reduced the expression of MYC protein via the RAS/ERK signaling pathway and inhibited STAT3 activation through JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments illustrated that formononetin suppresses protein expression of PD-L1 by interfering with the interaction between MYC and STAT3. Meanwhile, formononetin promoted PD-L1 protein degradation via TFEB and TFE3-mediated lysosome biogenesis. T cell killing assay revealed that formononetin could enhance the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and restore ability to kill tumor cells in a co-culture system of T cells and tumor cells. In addition, formononetin inhibited cell proliferation, tube formation, cell migration, and promoted tumor cell apoptosis by suppressing PD-L1. Finally, the inhibitory effect of formononetin on tumor growth was confirmed in a murine xenograft model. The present study revealed the anti-tumor potential of formononetin, and the findings should support further research and development of anti-cancer drugs for cervical cancer.

Panaxadiol inhibits IL-1ß secretion by suppressing zinc finger protein 91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs in macrophages.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing properties. Panaxadiol is a triterpenoid sapogenin monomer found in the roots of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. and has been proven to have various bio-activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and neuroprotective effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study focuses on investigating the inflammation inhibitory effect and mechanism of panaxadiol by regulating zinc finger protein 91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs in macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro, the underlying mechanisms by which panaxadiol inhibits ZFP91-regulated IL-1ß expression were investigated using molecular docking, western blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo, colitis was induced by oral administration of DSS in drinking water, and peritonitis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of alum. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV serotype 9) vector was used to establish ZFP91 knockdown mouse. RESULTS: We confirmed that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1ß secretion by suppressing ZFP91 in macrophages. Further analysis revealed that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1ß secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome. Meanwhile, panaxadiol inhibited IL-1ß secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of MAPKs. In vivo, prominent anti-inflammatory effects of panaxadiol were demonstrated in a DSS induced acute colitis mouse model and in an alum-induced peritonitis model by suppressing ZFP91-regulated secretion of inflammatory mediators, consistent with the results of the AAV-ZFP91 knockdown in mice. CONCLUSIONS: We report for the first time that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1ß secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs, providing evidence for anti-inflammation mechanism of panaxadiol treatment for inflammatory diseases.

Convallatoxin inhibits IL-1ß production by suppressing zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91)-mediated pro-IL-1ß ubiquitination and caspase-8 inflammasome activity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ZFP91 positively regulates IL-1ß production in macrophages and may be a potential therapeutic target to treat inflammatory-related diseases. We investigated whether this process is modulated by convallatoxin, which is a cardiac glycoside isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Adonis amurensis Regel et Radde. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In vitro, the mechanisms by which convallatoxin inhibits ZFP91-regulated IL-1ß expression were investigated using molecular docking, western blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays.In vivo, mice liver injury was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of D-GalN and LPS, colitis was induced by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water and peritonitis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of alum. KEY RESULTS: We confirmed that convallatoxin inhibited the release of IL-1ß by down-regulating ZFP91. Importantly, we found that convallatoxin significantly reduced K63-linked polyubiquitination of pro-IL-1ß regulated by ZFP91 and decreased the efficacy of pro-IL-1ß cleavage. Moreover, convallatoxin suppressed ZFP91-mediated activation of the non-canonical cysteine-requiring aspartate protease-8 (caspase-8) inflammasome and MAPK signalling pathways in macrophages. Furthermore, we showed that ZFP91 promoted the assembly of the caspase-8 inflammasome complex, whereas convallatoxin treatment reversed this result. Mice in vivo studies further demonstrated that convallatoxin ameliorated D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury, DSS-induced colitis and alum-induced peritonitis by down-regulating ZFP91. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: We show for the first time that convallatoxin-mediated inhibition of ZFP91 is an important regulatory event that prevents inappropriate inflammatory responses to maintain immune homeostasis. This mechanism provides new insight for the development of convallatoxin as a novel anti-inflammatory drug targeting ZFP91. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Inflammation, Repair and Ageing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.9/issuetoc.

Zinc finger protein 91 mediates necroptosis by initiating RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL signal transduction in response to TNF receptor 1 ligation.

Necroptosis is a form of regulated programmed cell death that is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL); however, it is not known whether zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) is involved in this process. Here, we investigated ZFP91 as a potential mediator of necroptosis. Our mechanistic study demonstrates that ZFP91 promotes RIPK1-RIPK3 interaction, thereby stabilizing the RIPK1 and RIPK3 proteins and facilitating necroptosis. ZFP91 stabilized RIPK1 to promote cell death by inducing RIPK1 de-ubiquitination. ZFP91 also significantly increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of ROS promoted RIPK3-independent necroptosis triggered by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). in vivo, ZFP91 knockdown alleviated TNFα-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). These results provide direct evidence that ZFP91 plays an important role in the initiation of RIPK1/RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in vitro and in vivo. We discussed the potential of ZFP91 as a novel therapeutic target for necroptosis-associated diseases.

Anti-Tumor Effects of Carrimycin and Monomeric Isovalerylspiramycin I on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Vitro and in Vivo.

Hepatocellular carcinoma results in a high risk of second primary malignancies and has prominent morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of effective treatment and prognosis is poor. Therefore, effective drugs need to be discovered. Carrimycin is a 16-member macrolide antibiotic with anticancer activity, and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I is a main component. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-tumor effects of carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I on hepatocellular carcinoma through in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro, changes in cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were analyzed by MTT, colony formation, EdU labeling, wound-healing, matrigel transwell invasion, and flow cytometric assays using SK-Hep1, Hep3B, SNU-354, SNU-387 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to detect the effects of carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I on the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Nude mice were subcutaneously transplanted with SK-Hep1 cells or C57BL/6J mice were orthotopically transplanted with hepatocarcinoma H22 cells. Tumor volume, pathological changes in tumor tissues, and the concentration of VEGF in mouse serum were measured after treatments. Carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I dose-dependently inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma cell viability, colony formation, and DNA replication. These agents markedly suppressed migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis of the cell lines. Western blotting and RT-PCR demonstrated that carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I reduced VEGF and PD-L1 protein and mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies further confirmed that carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I could significantly inhibit tumor growth, tumor histopathological alterations, and the concentration of VEGF in both mouse tumor models. These results show that carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Therefore, our discovery suggests anti-tumor capacity for carrimycin and monomeric isovalerylspiramycin I and provides data on potential new drugs for inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma.

Social support status and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kunming city, China.

BACKGROUND: People living with HIV/AIDS not only require effective treatment for the alleviation of physical discomfort but also require social support to help them address difficulties in life and relieve their psychological anxiety and uneasiness. The social support network is of tremendous importance in helping people living with HIV/AIDS maintain good physical and mental health. This study aims to analyse the social support status among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kunming and explore associated factors. METHOD: The Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) was used, and a questionnaire survey was conducted using convenience sampling to select people living with HIV/AIDS from 14 counties of Kunming. It collected information on general demographic information and social support status. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 990 valid questionnaires were completed. Data from all participants were analysed. Univariate analysis suggested that the factors associated with social support may include marital status, monthly income, and antiretroviral therapy. On the other hand, factors including monthly income and antiretroviral therapy accounted for the social support total score in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Social support among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kunming was generally low. This study identified a number of factors associated with social support among people living with HIV/AIDS. Based on our findings, appropriate interventions should be introduced to provide social support for those living with HIV/AIDS.

Usnic acid suppresses cervical cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting PD-L1 expression and enhancing T-lymphocyte tumor-killing activity.

The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is abnormally expressed in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade reduces the apoptosis and exhaustion of T cells and inhibits the development of malignant tumors. Usnic acid is a dibenzofuran compound originating from Usnea diffracta Vain and has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anticancer activities. However, the molecular mechanism of its antitumor effects has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we first observed that usnic acid decreased the expression of PD-L1 in HeLa cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity of co-cultured T cells toward tumor cells. Usnic acid inhibited PD-L1 protein synthesis by reducing STAT3 and RAS pathways cooperatively. It was subsequently shown that usnic acid induced MiT/TFE nuclear translocation through the suppression of mTOR signaling pathways, and promoted the biogenesis of lysosomes and the translocation of PD-L1 to the lysosomes for proteolysis. Furthermore, usnic acid inhibited cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion, respectively, by downregulating PD-L1, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Taken together, our results show that usnic acid is an effective inhibitor of PD-L1 and our study provide novel insights into the mechanism of its anticancer targeted therapy.

Design, synthesis of novel celastrol derivatives and study on their antitumor growth through HIF-1α pathway.

Four series of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) functioning derivatives stemming from modifications to the C-29 carboxyl group of celastrol were designed and synthesized, and their anticancer activities were evaluated. To address the structure and activity relationship of each derivative, extensive structural changes were made. HRE luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that 12 modified compounds showed superior HIF-1α inhibitory activity. Among them, compound C6 exhibited the best features: firstly, the strongest HIF-1α inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.05 µM, 5-fold higher than that of celastrol); secondly, lower cytotoxicity (22-fold lower, C6-16.85 µM vs celastrol-0.76 µM). Thus, the safety factor of C6 was about 112 times higher than that of celastrol. Western blot assay indicated that C6 may inhibit the expression of HIF-1α protein in cells. Additionally, C6 hindered tumor cell cloning, migration and induced cell apoptosis. It is worth mentioning that in the mouse tumor xenograft model, C6 (10 mg/kg) displayed good antitumor activity in vivo, showing a better inhibition rate (74.03%) than the reference compound 5-fluorouracil (inhibition rate, 59.58%). However, the celastrol treatment group experienced collective death after four doses of the drug. Moreover, C6 minimally affected the mouse weight, indicating that its application in vivo has little toxic effect. H&E staining experiments show that it could also exacerbate the degree of tumor cell damage. The results of water solubility experiment show that the solubility of C6 is increased by 1.36 times than that of celastrol. In conclusion, C6 is a promising antitumor agent through HIF-1α pathway.

Synthesis and evaluation of the epithelial-to- mesenchymal inhibitory activity of indazole-derived imidazoles as dual ALK5/p38α MAP inhibitors.

Drugs of targeting both activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) and p38α have therapeutic advantages, making them attractive treatment options for tumors. Two series of 4-(1H-indazol-5-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazoles 13a-g and 4-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazoles 20a-g were synthesized and evaluated for ALK5 and p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitory activity. The most potent compound, 13c (J-1090), inhibited ALK5- and p38α-mediated phosphorylation with half-maximal inhibitor concentrations of 0.004 µM and 0.004 µM, respectively, in the enzymatic assay. In this study, the effectiveness of 13c in transforming growth factor (TGF-ß)-exposed U87MG cells was investigated using western blotting, immunofluorescence assays, cell migration assay, invasion assay, and RT-PCR analysis. 13c inhibited the protein expression of Slug and the protein and RNA expression of the mesenchymal-related proteins N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, 13c markedly suppressed TGF-ß-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion in U87MG cells. These results suggest that 13c is a novel inhibitor of ALK5 with potential utility in the treatment of human glioma.

Analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines using selective extraction by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry.

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. This study reports on the development of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) for the purification and quantification of HCAs. A novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer was successfully prepared using a surface molecular imprinting method using functionalized Fe particles as the magnetic cores. 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) was used as a molecular template; methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA), 2, 2'-Azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) were used as the functional monomer, crosslinker, and initiator, respectively. The use of the template/functional monomer/crosslinking agent at a ratio of 1:4:20 resulted in a product with better adsorption properties (3.24 mg/g). The HCAs were successfully detected and quantified in processed meat samples by MISPE and LC-MS/MS. Under the final optimized detection conditions, the proposed method offered good linearity (R > 0.995) for the five HCAs with an acceptable level of precision, and an LOQ of 0.05 ng/g was successfully achieved.

Erianin regulates programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl is a cultivation of Dendrobium which belongs to the family of Orchidaceae. D. chrysotoxum Lindl is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of clinical applications including tonic, astringent, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties as early as the 28th century B.C. Erianin is a representative index component for the quality control of the D. chrysotoxum Lindl, which is included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 version). AIM OF THE STUDY: To clarify the anti-tumour mechanisms of erianin in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We detected the anti-tumour activity of erianin using in vitro HeLa cell models and in vivo cervical cancer xenograft models. We performed MTT, western blot, RT-PCR, homology modeling, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation assays to study the proteins, genes, and pathways related to erianin's anti-tumour activity. LysoTracker Red staining was performed to detect lysosome function. Transwell, wound healing, tube formation, colony formation and EdU labelling assays were performed to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes ability was confirmed using HeLa/T-cell co-culture model. RESULTS: Experimental data demonstrated that erianin inhibited PD-L1 expression and induced the lysosomal degradation of PD-L1. Erianin suppressed HIF-1α synthesis through mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 pathway, and inhibited RAS/Raf/MEK/MAPK-ERK pathway. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that erianin reduced the interaction between RAS and HIF-1α. Experiments using a co-cultivation system of T cells and HeLa cells confirmed that erianin restored cytotoxic T lymphocytes ability to kill tumour cells. Erianin inhibited PD-L1-mediated angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion and migration. The anti-proliferative effects of erianin were supported using in vivo xenotransplantation experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results revealed previously unknown properties of erianin and provided a new basis for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy against cervical cancer and other malignant tumours through PD-L1.

Britannin stabilizes T cell activity and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis by targeting PD-L1 via abrogation of the crosstalk between Myc and HIF-1α in cancer.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is overexpressed in tumor cells, which causes tumor cells to escape T cell killing, and promotes tumor cell survival, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Britannin is a natural product with anticancer pharmacological effects. PURPOSE: In this work, we studied the anticancer potential of britannin and explored whether britannin mediated its effect by inhibiting the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells. METHODS: In vitro, the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of PD-L1 expression by britannin were investigated by MTT assay, homology modeling and molecular docking, RT-PCR, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. The changes in tumor killing activity, cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were analyzed by T cell killing assays, EdU labeling, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, matrigel transwell invasion, and tube formation, respectively. In vivo, the antitumor activity of britannin was evaluated in the HCT116 cell xenograft model. RESULTS: Britannin reduced the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells by inhibiting the synthesis of the PD-L1 protein but did not affect the degradation of the PD-L1 protein. Britannin also inhibited HIF-1α expression through the mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 pathway and Myc activation through the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Mechanistically, britannin inhibited the expression of PD-L1 by blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc. In addition, britannin could enhance the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis by inhibiting PD-L1. Finally, in vivo observations were confirmed by demonstrating the antitumor activity of britannin in a murine xenograft model. CONCLUSION: Britannin inhibits the expression of PD-L1 by blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc. Moreover, britannin stabilizes T cell activity and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis by inhibiting PD-L1 in cancer. The current work highlights the anti-tumor effect of britannin, providing insights into the development of cancer therapeutics via PD-L1 inhibition.

VcMYB4a, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Vaccinium corymbosum, negatively regulates salt, drought, and temperature stress.

MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in the plant's response to abiotic stress. In this study, we cloned a novel MYB TF gene from Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA contained a 798-bp open reading frame that encodes a 265-amino acid protein. VcMYB4a possessed a C2/EAR-repressor motif domain and phylogenetic analysis showed that it clustered into a subgroup 4 with six Arabidopsis thaliana MYBs. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that VcMYB4a expression was downregulated by salt, drought, and cold treatment, but was induced by freezing and heat. Overexpression of VcMYB4a in blueberry callus enhanced sensitivity to salt, drought, cold, freezing, and heat stress. These results indicate that VcMYB4a may be an important repressor of abiotic stress in blueberry.

Curcumol inhibits the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 through crosstalk between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and STAT3 (T705) signaling pathways in hepatic cancer.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Curcuma wenyujin is a Chinese traditional herbal medicine that is commonly used as an anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumorigenic agent. Curcumol is a representative index component for the quality control of the essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin, which is currently used as an anti-cancer drug, and is included in the State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People's Republic of China (2005). However, the mechanisms of action and molecular functions of curcumol are not yet fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to identify new effects of curcumol from the perspective of cancer immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The underlying mechanism of the inhibition of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) activation by curcumol was investigated in vitro via homology modeling, molecular docking experiments, luciferase reporter assays, MTT assays, RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays. Changes in cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and the tumor-killing activity of T-cells were analyzed via EdU labeling, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound-healing, Matrigel Transwell invasion, tube formation, and T-cell killing. The anti-tumor activity of curcumol was assessed in vivo in a murine xenograft model using Hep3B cells. RESULTS: Curcumol reduced the expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) via JAK1, JAK2, and Src pathways and inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein synthesis via mTOR/p70S6K/eIF4E and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, we revealed crosstalk between STAT3 and HIF-1α pathways, which collaboratively regulated PD-L1 activation, and that curcumol played a role in this regulation. Curcumol inhibited cell proliferation, S-phase progression, tube formation, invasion, and metastasis by inhibiting PD-L1. In addition, curcumol restored the activity of cytotoxic T-cells and their capacity for tumor cell killing by inhibiting PD-L1. In vivo experiments confirmed that curcumol inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrated that curcumol inhibits the expression of PD-L1 through crosstalk between HIF-1α and p-STAT3 (T705) signaling pathways in hepatic cancer. Thus, curcumol might represent a promising lead compound for the development of new targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.

Panaxadiol inhibits programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression and tumour proliferation via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and STAT3 in human colon cancer cells.

Panaxadiol is a triterpenoid sapogenin monomeric compound found in the roots of Panax ginseng and has a variety of biological activities such as neuroprotective and anti-tumour functions. However, the mechanisms how panaxadiol exerts the anticancer effects remain unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the potential activity of panaxadiol on programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumour proliferation in human colon cancer cells and to identify the underlying mechanism. Results showed that panaxadiol showed little cytotoxicity as assessed by a cytotoxicity assay and significantly inhibited PD-L1 expression at the protein and mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, panaxadiol supressed the hypoxia-induced synthesis of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways without affecting HIF-1α degradation. Simultaneously, panaxadiol inhibited STAT3 activation through the JAK1, JAK2, and Src pathways. Moreover, pre-treatment with panaxadiol enhanced the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and regained their capacity of tumour cell killing in a T cell and tumour cell co-culture system. Immunoprecipitation showed that panaxadiol inhibited PD-L1 expression by blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and STAT3. The inhibitory effect of panaxadiol on tumour proliferation was further demonstrated by colony formation and EdU labelling assays. The anti-proliferative effect of panaxadiol was also proved by a xenograft assay in vivo. Taken together, the current work highlights the anti-tumour effect of panaxadiol, providing insights into development of cancer therapeutic through PD-L1 inhibition.

Convallatoxin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis through crosstalk between JAK2/STAT3 (T705) and mTOR/STAT3 (S727) signaling pathways in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant activation of STAT3 is frequently encountered and promotes survival, cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in tumor cell. Convallatoxin, triterpenoid ingredient, exhibits anticancer pharmacological properties. PURPOSE: In this work, we investigated the anticancer potential of convallatoxin and explored whether convallatoxin mediates its effect through interference with the STAT3 activation in colorectal cancer cells. METHODS: In vitro, the underlying mechanisms of convallatoxin at inhibiting STAT3 activation were investigated by homology modeling and molecular docking, luciferase reporter assay, MTT assay, RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Changes in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and angiogenesis were analyzed by EdU labeling assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry assay, wound-healing assay, matrigel transwell invasion assay and tube formation assays. And in vivo, antitumor activity of convallatoxin was assessed in a murine xenograft model of HCT116 cells. RESULTS: Convallatoxin decreased the viability of colorectal cancer lines. Moreover, convallatoxin reduced the P-STAT3 (T705) via the JAK1, JAK2, and Src pathways and inhibited serine-727 phosphorylation of STAT3 via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-STAT3 pathways in colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, we discovered the crosstalk between mTOR and JAK2 in mTOR/STAT3 and JAK/STAT3 pathways, which collaboratively regulated STAT3 activation and convallatoxin play a role in it. Convallatoxin also downregulated the expression of target genes involved cell survival (e.g., Survivin, Bcl-xl, Bcl-2), proliferation (e.g., Cyclin D1), metastasis (e.g., MMP-9), and angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF). Indeed, we found that convallatoxin inhibited tube formation, migration, and invasion of endothelial cells, and inhibited the proliferation. Finally, in vivo observations were confirmed by showing antitumor activity of convallatoxin in a murine xenograft model. CONCLUSION: The result of the current study show that convallatoxin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis through crosstalk between JAK2/STAT3 (T705) and mTOR/STAT3 (S727) signaling pathways in colorectal cancer cells and indicate that convallatoxin could be a valuable candidate for the development of colorectal cancer therapeutic.

Analysis of factors associated with dropping-out from HIV antiretroviral therapy in Kunming City, China.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of national antiretroviral therapy (ART) and expanded ART policies results in that more and more HIV-infected patients receive ART in Kunming, Yunnan province, China. At the same time, however, the number of patients, who drop-out from ART, are also increasing. In this study, we explored the factors that may account for drop-out. METHODS: Four hundred and thirty-nine HIV-infected patients, who received or used to receive ART, were recruited in this study. Their age is among 18 and 75. All patients were divided into two group: ART group (187 patients) and drop-out group (252 patients). Appropriate bio-statistics analysis, including univariate analysis and Multivariate analysis, were used to identify factors associated with drop-out. RESULTS: Data from all patients were analyzed. Univariate analysis suggested that the factors associated with drop-out may include age, residential area, educational level, occupation, monthly income, the access to minimum living allowance, HIV transmission route, and living status. On the other hand, factors including area, monthly income, the access to minimum living allowance, and referral methods of follow-up institutions account for drop-out in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a number of factors associated with drop out from ART. Based on our findings,appropriate interventions should be introduced decrease drop-out.