The gut microbes in inflammatory bowel disease: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy.

Gut microbes constitute the main microbiota in the human body, which can regulate biological processes such as immunity, cell proliferation, and differentiation, hence playing a specific function in intestinal diseases. In recent years, gut microbes have become a research hotspot in the pharmaceutical field. Because of their enormous number, diversity, and functional complexity, gut microbes have essential functions in the development of many digestive diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease with a complex etiology, the exact cause and pathogenesis are unclear. There are no medicines that can cure IBD, and more research on therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. It has been reported that gut microbes play a critical role in pathogenesis, and there is a tight and complex association between gut microbes and IBD. The dysregulation of gut microbes may be a predisposing factor for IBD, and at the same time, IBD may exacerbate gut microbes' disorders, but the mechanism of interaction between the two is still not well defined. The study of the relationship between gut microbes and IBD is not only important to elucidate the pathogenesis but also has a positive effect on the treatment based on the regimen of regulating gut microbes. This review describes the latest research progress on the functions of gut microbes and their relationship with IBD, which can provide reference and assistance for further research. It may provide a theoretical basis for the application of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other therapeutic methods to regulate gut microbes in IBD.

Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular docking of ursolic acid derivatives containing a nitrogen heterocycle as anti-inflammatory agents.

Ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were synthesized in an attempt to develop potent anti-inflammatory agents. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Most of the synthesized compounds showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effects at 100 mg/kg. In particular, compound 11b, which displayed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity of all of the compounds prepared, with 69.76% inhibition after intraperitoneal administration, was more potent than the reference drugs indomethacin and ibuprofen. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was also assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50 >100 µmol/L). Furthermore, molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds were performed to rationalize the obtained biological results. Overall, the results indicate that compound 11b could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation.

Chelidonine inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation by suppressing the NF-κB pathways in HCT116 cells.

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a complex that regulates several hundreds of genes, including those involved in immunity and inflammation, survival, proliferation, and the negative feedback of NF-κB signaling. Chelidonine, a major bioactive, isoquinoline alkaloid ingredient in Chelidonium majus, exhibits antiinflammatory pharmacological properties. However, its antiinflammatory molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we explored the effect of chelidonine on TNF-induced NF-κB activation in HCT116 cells. We found chelidonine inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha and nuclear translocation of RELA. Furthermore, by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, chelidonine downregulated target genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Chelidonine also inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation by blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 phosphorylation. These results suggest that chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases in which inhibition of NF-κB activity plays an important role.

Mollugin Has an Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Effect by Inhibiting TNF-α-Induced NF-κB Activation.

The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune response and inflammation. However, it has been shown that NF-κB also has a major role in oncogenesis. Therefore, NF-κB inhibitors have been considered as potential drugs against cancer. Herein, we searched for NF-κB inhibitors from natural sources and identified mollugin from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L. as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. We found that mollugin significantly inhibited the expression of an NF-κB reporter gene induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, mollugin inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκBα), and IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we discovered that pretreatment of cells with mollugin prevented the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes, such as genes related to proliferation (COX-2, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc), anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2, cIAP-1 and survivin), invasion (MMP-9 and ICAM-1), and angiogenesis (VEGF). We also demonstrated that mollugin potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells. We further demonstrated in vivo that mollugin suppressed the growth of tumor xenografts derived from HeLa cells. Taken together, mollugin may be a valuable candidate for cancer treatment by targeting NF-κB.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel ursolic acid derivatives as HIF-1α inhibitors with anticancer potential.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key mediator in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, is associated with poor patient prognosis and has been recognized as an important cancer drug target. In this work, four novel series of ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-tumor activity as HIF-1α inhibitors. The majority of the compounds showed an excellent ability to inhibit the expression of HIF-1α. In particular, 11b inhibited HIF-1α transcriptional activity under hypoxic conditions with IC50=36.9µM. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was also assessed in human colon cancer cell HCT116 cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50>100µmol/L), which was lower than that of ursolic acid (IC50=23.8µmol/L). The mechanism of action of the representative compound 11b was also investigated.

Amorfrutin A inhibits TNF-α induced JAK/STAT signaling, cell survival and proliferation of human cancer cells.

CONTEXT: Amorfrutin A is a natural product isolated from the fruits of Amorpha fruticosa L. and has been shown to exhibit multiple bioeffector functions. In the present study, we investigated whether amorfrutin A exerts anticancer effects by inhibiting STAT3 activation in cervical cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of amorfrutin A as a treatment of cancer, and determine the underlying pharmacological mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HeLa, SK-Hep1, MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 cells were used in this study. Major assays were luciferase reporter assay, MTT, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assay, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), flow cytometric analysis, EdU labeling and immunofluorescence, xenografted assay. RESULTS: Amorfrutin A significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in human cervical carcinoma cells. Amorfrutin A also inhibited activation of the upstream kinases Janus-activated kinase 1 (JAK1), JAK2 and Src signaling pathways. Furthermore, amorfrutin A increased the expression of p53, p21, p27, induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase as well as decreased levels of various oncogene protein products. In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of amorfrutin A on the expression of STAT3 proteins, leading to a decrease growth of HeLa cells in a xenograft tumor model. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that amorfrutin A is a potent inhibitor of STAT3 and provide new perspectives into the mechanism of its anticancer activity.

Shikonin suppresses proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest through the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling.

Hypoxia enhances the development of solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that is dominantly expressed under hypoxia in solid tumor cells and is a key factor of tumor regulation. HIF-1α regulates several target genes involved in many aspects of cancer progression, including angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation, as well as imparting resistance to cancer treatment. In this study, we assessed shikonin, which derives from the traditional medical herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, for its anti-cancer effects in hypoxia-induced human colon cancer cell lines. Shikonin showed potent inhibitory activity against hypoxia-induced HIF-1α activation in various human cancer cell lines and efficient scavenging activity of hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species in tumor cells. Further analysis revealed that shikonin inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis without affecting the expression of HIF-1α mRNA or degrading HIF-1α protein. It was subsequently shown to attenuate the activation of downstream mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1/eIF4E kinase. Shikonin also dose-dependently caused the cell cycle arrest of activated HCT116 cells and inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 and SW620 cells. Moreover, it significantly inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft modal. These findings suggest that shikonin could be considered for use as a potential drug in human colon cancer therapy.

Imperatorin efficiently blocks TNF-α-mediated activation of ROS/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

Inflammation contributes to development and progression in a variety of cancers, including cervical cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of imperatorin, a psoralen-type furanocoumarin from the fruits of Angelica dahurica, in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated HeLa cells by investigating its impact on the production and expression of cytokines and the major signal-transduction pathways. We found this compound significantly inhibited the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes, such as COX-2, cyclin  D1, MMP-9, VEGF, IL-6 and Bcl-xL in a concentration-dependent manner. Further analysis revealed that imperatorin was a potent inhibitor of NF-κB activation by the suppression of TNF-α-induced IKKα/ß phosphorylation, IκB phosphorylation and degradation, and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. We also demonstrated that imperatorin downregulated TNF-α-induced activation of PI3K/Akt. Furthermore, our findings show that imperatorin inhibits TNF-α-induced ROS generation. Taken together, imperatorin can blunt inflammation by inhibiting the ROS-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

Imperatorin suppresses proliferation and angiogenesis of human colon cancer cell by targeting HIF-1α via the mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and MAPK pathways.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Angelica dahurica is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine to treat migraine headache, toothache and cancer. Imperatorin is an active natural furocoumarin component originating from Angelica dahurica and has been shown to exhibit multiple bioeffector functions, including anti-cancer activity. However, the mechanism by which imperatorin inhibits tumor growth is not fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of imperatorin as a treatment of cancer and to identify the underlying mechanisms of its anticancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HCT116, HeLa, and Hep3B cells were used in this study. Major assays were promoter-reporter gene assay, MTT, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assay, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), flow cytometric analysis, clonogenic assay, EdU labeling and immunofluorescence, xenografted assay, and VEGF ELISA. RESULTS: We here demonstrated the effect of imperatorin on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation. Imperatorin showed a potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines. This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1ß and topoisomerase-I (Topo-I). Further analysis revealed that imperatorin inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), SAPK/JNK and p38 were significantly suppressed by imperatorin. Furthermore, imperatorin prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes and flow cytometric analysis indicated that imperatorin induced G1 phase arrest in human colon cancer cell (HCT116). We found that imperatorin administration inhibits tumor growth and blocks tumor angiogenesis in a xenograft tumor model. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that imperatorin inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis by downregulating the mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and MAPK pathways. These conclusions suggest that imperatorin is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives into the mechanism of its anticancer activity.

Artemisinin inhibits inflammatory response via regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese plant Artemisia annua, has been used for many years to treat different forms of malarial parasites. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory activity of artemisinin and the underlying mechanism of this action. We demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of artemisinin in TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice. Then the artemisinin significantly inhibited the expression of NF-κB reporter gene induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin also inhibited TNF-α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, p65 nuclear translocation. Artemisinin also has an impact on upstream signaling of IKK through the inhibition of expression of adaptor proteins, TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1). Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with artemisinin prevented the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes, such as anti-apoptosis (c-IAP1, Bcl-2, and FLIP), proliferation (COX-2, cyclinD1), invasion (MMP-9), angiogenesis (VEGF), and major inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS, and MCP1). We also proved that artemisinin potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Moreover, artemisinin significantly impaired the ROS production and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, but did not affect the phosphorylation of JNK. Taken together, artemisinin may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent for inflammatory-related diseases.

Dihydromyricetin suppresses TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and target gene expression.

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has been reported to play a pivotal role in many physiological processes including inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. We discovered a potent natural NF-κB inhibitor, dihydromyricetin, from the traditional herb Ampelopsis grossedentata, which has a long history of use in food and medicine. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of dihydromyricetin on NF-κB activation in TNF-α-induced HeLa cells. Dihydromyricetin was found to markedly inhibit the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), and subsequent nuclear translocation of p65. Dihydromyricetin also has an impact on upstream signaling of IKK through the inhibition of expression of adaptor proteins, TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1). Furthermore, the current results reveal that dihydromyricetin led to the downregulation of target genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, as well as potentiation of TNF-α-induced apoptosis through suppressing the activation of NF-κB. In conclusion, our data indicate that dihydromyricetin may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.

Baicalein inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and expression of NF-κB-regulated target gene products.

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors control many physiological processes including inflammation, immunity, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In our search for NF-κB inhibitors from natural resources, we identified baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. As examined by the NF-κB luciferase reporter assay, we found that baicalein suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of p65 through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Furthermore, baicalein blocked the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes involved in anti-apoptosis (cIAP-1, cIAP-2, FLIP and BCL-2), proliferation (COX-2, cyclin D1 and c-Myc), invasion (MMP­9), angiogenesis (VEGF) and major inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and MCP1). The flow cytometric analysis indicated that baicalein potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis and induced G1 phase arrest in HeLa cells. Moreover, baicalein significantly blocked activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Our results imply that baicalein could be a lead compound for the modulation of inflammatory diseases as well as certain cancers in which inhibition of NF-κB activity may be desirable.

Perillyl alcohol efficiently scavenges activity of cellular ROS and inhibits the translational expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α via mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathways.

Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a dietary monoterpene present in a variety of plants with a pure or mixed form, and it is one of the very few natural substances with anticancer activity. However, the mechanism by which POH unleashes its anticancer activity in tumor cells remains unclear. We here demonstrated the effect of POH on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation. POH showed the potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines and efficient scavenging activity of cellular Reactive oxygen species (ROS) by hypoxia in tumor cells. Further analysis revealed that POH inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. Moreover, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by POH correlated with strong de-phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). These results showed that POH inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis through the inhibition of mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathways. Furthermore, POH increased the expression of p53, p21, induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase as well as decreased cyclin D1, c-Myc, and Skp2 expression. In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of POH on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to a decrease growth of HCT116 cells in a xenograft tumor model. There results show that POH is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives in to the mechanism of its anticancer activity.

Zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) activates HIF-1α via NF-κB/p65 to promote proliferation and tumorigenesis of colon cancer.

Zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) has been reported to be involved in various biological processes. However, the clinical significance and biological role of ZFP91 in colon cancer remains unknown. Here, we show that ZFP91 expression is upregulated in patients with colon cancer. We found that ZFP91 upregulated HIF-1α at the levels of promoter and protein in colon cancer cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter gene assay, we found that NF-κB/p65 is required for the binding of ZFP91 to the HIF-1α promoter at -197/-188 base pairs and for the transcriptional activation of HIF-1α gene mediated by ZFP91. Flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and tumor xenograft assay demonstrated that ZFP91 enhanced cell proliferation of colon cancer through upregulating HIF-1α in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ZFP91 is positively associated with HIF-1α in human colon cancer. Thus, we concluded that ZFP91 activates transcriptional coregulatory protein HIF-1α through transcription factor NF-κB/p65 in the promotion of proliferation and tumorigenesis in colon cancer cell. ZFP91 may serve as a driver gene to activate HIF-1α transcription in the development of cancer.

Kamebakaurin inhibits the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and its target genes to confer antitumor activity.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor that mediates the adaptation of tumor cells and tissues to the hypoxic microenvironment, has attracted considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target. Kamebakaurin is a diterpenoid compound isolated from Isodon excia (Maxin.) Hara, which has been used for anti-inflammatory activities. However, its antitumor activity along with molecular mechanism has not been reported. Kamebakaurin showed potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia or CoCl2 in various human cancer cell lines. This compound significantly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein, whereas it did not affect the expression of topoisomerase-I (Topo-I). Further analysis revealed that kamebakaurin inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. Furthermore, kamebakaurin prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). However, kamebakaurin caused cell growth inhibition via cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in tumor cells. In vivo studies, we further confirmed the inhibitory effect of kamebakaurin on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to growth inhibition of HCT116 cells in a xenograft tumor model. These results show that kamebakaurin is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives into its anticancer activity.

4',6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyisoaurone inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and expressions of NF-κB-regulated target gene products.

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors control many physiological processes including inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In our search for NF-κB inhibitors from natural resources, we identified 4',6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyisoaurone (ISOA) as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii. However, the mechanism by which ISOA inhibits NF-κB activation is not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of ISOA on NF-κB activation in TNF-α-stimulated HeLa cells. This compound suppressed NF-κB activation through the inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK) activation. ISOA also has an influence on upstream signaling of IKK through the inhibition of expression of adaptor proteins, TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1). Consequently, ISOA blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), and subsequent phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. The suppression of NF-κB activation by ISOA led to the down-regulation of target genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, as well as potentiation of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Taken together, this study extends our understanding on the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of ISOA. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms and a potential application of ISOA for inflammatory diseases as well as certain cancers.

Dihydrotanshinone I inhibits the translational expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.

The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has been known to be correlated to the adaptation and proliferation of tumor cells; therefore HIF-1 has become an important target in the development of anticancer drugs. Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) is a phenanthrenequinone compound from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which has been used in oriental medicine for its antitumor activities. However, the mechanisms by which DHTS inhibits tumor growth are not fully understood. We here demonstrated the effect of DHTS on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation. DHTS dose-dependently decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation and activation of HIF-1α protein. Further analysis revealed that DHTS inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis, without affecting the expression level of HIF-1α mRNA or degradation of HIF-1α protein. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) were dose-dependently suppressed by DHTS, but no significant effect on total protein levels was observed. Furthermore, DHTS prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes and flow cytometric analysis indicated that DHTS induced G1 phase arrest in HeLa cell. In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of DHTS on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to a decrease in growth of HeLa cells in a xenograft tumor model. These results show that DHTS inhibited HIF-1α protein synthesis by downregulating the mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and MEK/ERK pathways. These conclusions suggest that DHTS is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives into the mechanism of its anticancer activity.

Blockade of TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway and anti-cancer therapeutic response of dihydrotanshinone I.

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors control many physiological processes including inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. We identified dihydrotanshinone I as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation through our research on Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In this study, we found that dihydrotanshinone I significantly inhibited the expression of NF-κB reporter gene induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. And dihydrotanshinone I also inhibited TNF-α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with this compound prevented the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes, such as anti-apoptosis (cIAP-1 and FLIP), proliferation (COX-2), invasion (MMP-9), angiogenesis (VEGF), and major inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP1). We also demonstrated that dihydrotanshinone I potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Moreover, dihydrotanshinone I significantly impaired activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK). In vivo studies demonstrated that dihydrotanshinone I suppressed the growth of HeLa cells in a xenograft tumor model, which could be correlated with its modulation of TNF-α production. Taken together, dihydrotanshinone I could be a valuable candidate for the intervention of NF-κB-dependent pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer.