Effect of deodorization conditions on fatty acid profile, oxidation products, and lipid-derived free radicals of soybean oil.

Oxidative stability is a key quality characteristic of edible oils, and the oil's antioxidant capacity decreases during the deodorization stage. This study explores the changes in radical formation, molecular structure, oxidative characteristics, fatty acids, and main bioactive compounds in soybean oil during deodorization. The lag phase decreased, whereas the total amount of spins of free radicals increased as the deodorization time increased from 90 to 150 min. The total amount of spins and percentage of alkyl radicals varied dramatically under different times and temperatures (220 âˆ¼ 260 ℃). Results showed that identifying and quantifying the formed radicals can provide useful information for monitoring and controlling oil oxidation in vegetable oil refining systems. Therefore, to control early oxidation events, maximize refined oil product yield, and reduce energy consumption in the refining plant, the priority should be to minimize temperature during the oil refining process and then shorten the deodorization time.

Effect of ultrasonic power on delivery of quercetin in emulsions stabilized using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified broken japonica rice starch.

In this study, emulsions stabilized by octenyl succinic anhydride-modified broken japonica rice starch (OSA-BJRS) were prepared at different ultrasonic power intensities for the delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability of quercetin. The OSA-BJRS emulsions ultrasonicated at 400 W exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (89.37 %) and loading efficiency (58.34 %) of quercetin, the smallest volume-average droplet diameter (0.51 µm) and polydispersity index (0.19), the highest absolute value of the ζ-potential (26.73 mV), and the highest apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity. The oxidation stability, storage stability, thermal stability, and salt ion stability of the emulsions were also notably improved by the ultrasonication treatment. In addition, the results of the simulated in vitro digestion demonstrated that the ultrasonicated OSA-BJRS emulsions had an enhanced quercetin delivery performance and could stably transport quercetin to the small intestine for digestion. The OSA-BJRS emulsion ultrasonicated at 400 W exhibited the highest cumulative release rate (95.91 %) and the highest bioavailability (30.48 %) of quercetin. This suggests that OSA-BJRS emulsions prepared by ultrasonication can be considered effective delivery systems for hydrophobic functional components.

Self-Amplified HF Release and Polymer Deconstruction Cascades Triggered by Mechanical Force.

Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a versatile reagent for material transformation, with applications in self-immolative polymers, remodeled siloxanes, and degradable polymers. The responsive in situ generation of HF in materials therefore holds promise for new classes of adaptive material systems. Here, we report the mechanochemically coupled generation of HF from alkoxy-gem-difluorocyclopropane (gDFC) mechanophores derived from the addition of difluorocarbene to enol ethers. Production of HF involves an initial mechanochemically assisted rearrangement of gDFC mechanophore to α-fluoro allyl ether whose regiochemistry involves preferential migration of fluoride to the alkoxy-substituted carbon, and ab initio steered molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the observed selectivity and offer insights into the mechanism. When the alkoxy gDFC mechanophore is derived from poly(dihydrofuran), the α-fluoro allyl ether undergoes subsequent hydrolysis to generate 1 equiv of HF and cleave the polymer chain. The hydrolysis is accelerated via acid catalysis, leading to self-amplifying HF generation and concomitant polymer degradation. The mechanically generated HF can be used in combination with fluoride indicators to generate an optical response and to degrade polybutadiene with embedded HF-cleavable silyl ethers (11 mol %). The alkoxy-gDFC mechanophore thus provides a mechanically coupled mechanism of releasing HF for polymer remodeling pathways that complements previous thermally driven mechanisms.

Rapid quantitative analysis of soybean protein isolates secondary structure by two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy through pH perturbation.

The infrared spectroscopy (IR) signal of protein is prone to being covered by impurity signals, and the accuracy of the secondary structure content calculated using spectral data is poor. To tackle this challenge, a rapid high-precision quantitative model for protein secondary structure was proposed. Firstly, a two-dimensional correlation calculation was performed based on 60 groups of soybean protein isolates (SPI) infrared spectroscopy data, resulting in a two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS-IR). Subsequently, the optimal characteristic bands of the four secondary structures were extracted from the 2DCOS-IR. Ultimately, partial least squares (PLS), long short-term memory (LSTM), and bidirectional long short-term memory (BILSTM) algorithms were used to model the extracted characteristic bands and predict the content of SPI secondary structure. The findings suggested that BILSTM combined with 2DCOS-IR model (2DCOS-BILSTM) exhibited superior predictive performance. The prediction sets for α-helix, ß-sheet, ß-turn, and random coil were designated as 0.9257, 0.9077, 0.9476, and 0.8443, respectively, and their corresponding RMSEP values were 0.26, 0.48, 0.20, and 0.15. This strategy enhances the precision of IR and facilitates the rapid identification of secondary structure components within SPI, which is vital for the advancement of protein industrial production.

The impact of sustainable development planning on urban ecological resilience in resource-based cities: evidence from China.

Enhancing resource cities' resilience and advancing their sustainable development are imperatives, particularly in light of the "dual-carbon" agenda. Double-difference and spatial double-difference models are developed based on the panel data of 281 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2020 to investigate the effects of implementing the National Plan for the Sustainable Development of Resource-Based Cities on the level of ecological resilience in Chinese cities. This paper found that the National Sustainable Development Plan for Resource-Based Cities significantly improves the ecological resilience level of Chinese cities, and the findings are robust. The impacts of implementing the Plan on the ecological resilience of cities of different growth types, regions, and resource types are heterogeneous. Further study finds a spatial spillover effect of implementing the Plan on the ecological resilience of cities, which can improve the ecological resilience level of neighboring cities through spillover effects while improving the ecological resilience level of cities in the region. Based on these new findings, this study provides some policy implications for better advancing sustainable urban development.

Self-assembly embedding of curcumin by alkylated rice bran protein.

Lysine-rich rice bran protein (RBP) can be used as raw material for alkylation modification to improve the self-assembly performance of protein. The results of 1H NMR, degree of alkylation, and DSC analysis showed that the alkyl chain was successfully attached to the RBP. The surface hydrophobicity and absolute ζ-potential increased. The three-dimensional structure of the alkylated RBP (ARBP) become more porous and ARBP-2 was selected as the material for embedding curcumin. The XRD results revealed that curcumin induced self-aggregation of ARBP-2 and the inclusion of curcumin was attained. The maximum encapsulation efficiency of curcumin was 82.67 % and the maximum loading amount was 171.37 g/100 g RBP. The results of atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) analyses revealed that the particles in the system were aggregated after curcumin was added. Curcumin was well protected by encapsulation in the self-assembled particles. Thus, this study provides a new strategy for the embedding and delivery of curcumin.

Domain-limited thermal transformation preparation of novel graphitized carbon-supported layered double oxides for efficient tetracycline degradation.

The resource utilization of industrial lignin to construct high-performance catalysts for wastewater treatment field is pioneering research. Herein, the novel graphitized carbon-supported CuCoAl-layered double oxides (LDOs-GC) were successfully designed by the domain-limited thermal transformation technology using sodium lignosulfonate (LS) self-assembled CuCoAl-layered double hydroxides as the precursor. The optimized LDOs-GC catalyst owned the excellent tetracycline (TC) degradation of 98.0% within 15 min by activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under optimal conditions (20 mg/L catalyst, 1.5 mM PMS, 30 mg/L TC). The density of metal ions in the catalyst and the synergistic interaction between graphitized carbon (GC) and metal ions played a major role in TC degradation. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the TC degradation in LDOs-GC/PMS system was proved to be accomplished by a combination of free radicals (SO4·- and HO·) and non-radicals (1O2). Meanwhile, the possible degradation pathways of TC were proposed by the analysis of TC degradation intermediates and a comprehensive analysis of the rational reaction mechanism for TC degradation by LDOs-GC/PMS system was also performed. This work provides a new strategy for developing novel high-performance catalysts from industrial waste, while offering a green, cheap and sustainable approach to antibiotic degradation.

Self-powered biosensor using photoactive ternary nanocomposite: Testing the phospholipid content in rhodotorula glutinis oil.

In the field of oil refining, the presence of excessive residual phosphorus in crude oil can significantly impact its quality, thereby emphasizing the necessity for compact and convenient testing equipment. This study primarily focuses on developing of self-powered biosensor (SPB) using immobilizing Choline Oxidase with a photoactive ternary nanocomposite complex (CHOx-BiOI-rGO-Fe3O4 NPs-ITO) as the anode and utilizing a Pt electrode as the cathode. The successful preparation of the ternary composite photoelectrode for the anode was confirmed through a range of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 absorption/desorption, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectrometer (UV-vis DRS). The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties were assessed using an electrochemical workstation, revealing a significant enhancement photoelectrical responsiveness attributed to the formation of heterojunction structures. The SPB exhibited a remarkable linear relationship between the instantaneous photocurrent and phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentration, with a regression equation of I (µA) = 39.62071C (mM) + 3.47271. The linear range covered a concentration range of 0.01-10 mM, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) was determined to be 0.008 mM. It demonstrated excellent reproducibility and storage stability, positioning it a promising alternative to High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for accurate quantification of PC content in rhodotorula glutinis oil. The standard recovery PC content ranged from 98.48% to 103.53%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 1.4% to 2.4%. This research presents a convenient and precise detection device that has the potential to address the issue of lagging detection in the oil refining process.

Effects of electric field intensity regulation on protein aggregation behaviour and foaming property of soybean 7S globulin.

In this study, the aggregation behaviour of soybean 7S globulin after moderate electric field (MEF) treatment was investigated, and the influence of the electric field and temperature field on the structure and foaming property of the aggregates were analysed and compared with conventional water bath (COV). The results showed that MEF treatment enhanced the properties of the aggregates. The properties of the treated aggregates were significantly better than those of native 7S globulin. At an electric field strength of 8 V/cm, the solubility, turbidity, and particle size increased from 95.81 % to 99.37 %, 0.097 to 0.189 and 61.97 nm to 113.21 nm, respectively, and the absolute value of potential decreased from 23.56 mV to 22.12 mV. The SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) results showed that the electric field had a positive effect on the aggregate formation of the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, surface hydrophobicity (H0) and total sulfhydryl (SHT) results indicated that the spatial structure of the protein was changed by MEF treatment. The protein ß-sheet content was reduced, and the Try that was originally buried inside the molecule was exposed, resulting in an increase in H0 and a decrease in SHT. The foaming property of the 7S globulin aggregates was improved by MEF treatment.

Structure and emulsifying properties of rice bran protein alkylated using an electrochemical reactor.

To replace the application of reducing agents for protein alkylation, electrochemical reduction techniques have been considered. In this study, a custom-made electrochemical reactor was used to alkylate rice bran protein (RBP). The structure, morphology, and emulsification properties of RBP were investigated under different voltages. When treated at 35 V, the content of the α-helix and ß-sheet of RBP decreased at first and then increased, whereas the content of the ß-turn and random coil increased steadily. The CH3 group of RBP was exposed and S-S decreased. The endogenous fluorescence spectral curve exhibited a redshift. The free sulfhydryl (-SH) content increased. The average particle size of the modified RBP decreased by 69.35 %, and its zeta potential decreased to -21.8 mV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the treated protein particles dispersed more evenly and their roughness (Rq) decreased. The contact angle, water holding capacity (WHC), fat holding capacity (FHC), and solubility were enhanced. The emulsification capacity increased to 65.82 m2/g and emulsification stability increased to 36.34 min. These results demonstrated that the RBP was alkylated by the electrochemical reactor and the modified RBP showed improved emulsification properties compared to the untreated RBP.

Theoretical exploration and experimental regulation of the degradation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hemp seed oil by density functional theory.

Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in hemp seed oil is a psychoactive cannabinoid, and the content of Δ9-THC can be reduced. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to simulate the degradation path of Δ9-THC, and the ultrasonic treatment was used to degrade the Δ9-THC in hemp seed oil. Results found that the reaction of Δ9-THC degradation to cannabinol (CBN) was a spontaneous exothermic reaction, which required a certain amount of external energy to initiate reaction process. Through the surface electrostatic potential analysis, the minimum value of electrostatic potential of Δ9-THC was -37.68 kcal/mol, and the maximum value was 40.98 kcal/mol. The frontier molecular orbitals analysis found that the energy level difference of Δ9-THC was lower than that of CBN, indicating that the reactivity of Δ9-THC was stronger. The degradation process of Δ9-THC could be divided into two stages, which needed to cross the reaction energy barriers of 3197.40 and 3087.24 kJ/mol, respectively. Ultrasonic treatment was used to degrade Δ9-THC standard solution, it was found that Δ9-THC can be effectively degraded into CBN through intermediate. Subsequently, ultrasonic technology was applied to hemp seed oil, under the conditions of ultrasonic power 150 W and ultrasonic time 21 min, the Δ9-THC was degraded to 10.00 mg/kg.

Conformational and functional changes from deamidation of wheat gluten with electrochemical treatment.

BACKGROUND: In this paper, wheat gluten (WG) was modified by electrochemical deamidation. The effects of electrochemical treatment time on the conformation and functional properties of WG and its mechanism were studied. RESULTS: Wheat gluten demonstrated a maximum deamidation of 50.94%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a decrease in α-helix and ß-sheets and an increase in ß-turns and random coils, indicating that the secondary structure of WG became looser and more disordered with increased molecular flexibility. Electrochemical deamidation significantly increased the net charge and solubility of WG, the emulsifying activity index (EAI) increased from 8.53 to 15.66 m2 g-1 , the foaming capacity (FC) increased from 4.55 to 13.72 cm3 , and the water-holding capacity (WHC) and oil-holding capacity (OHC) reached maximum levels of 8.42 g g-1 and 7.45 g g-1 , respectively, at 90 min. CONCLUSION: Electrochemical deamidation appears to be a useful technique to improve the processing characteristics of WG. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Has pilot zones policy for green finance reform and innovations improved the level of green financial development and environmental quality?

This study uses the green finance reform and innovation pilot zone policy approved by the State Council in 2017 as a quasi-natural experiment to explore whether the implementation of the policy has improved the level of green finance development and environmental quality in Chinese cities at the prefecture level and above. The results show that the green financial reform and innovation pilot zone policy can significantly improve the level of regional green financial development and environmental quality, and the results are robust. Further heterogeneity analysis finds that the green financial reform and innovation pilot zone policy have heterogeneous effects on the level of green financial development and environmental quality in different regions, sizes, environmental regulation intensity, financial development levels, and cities of different administrative levels. Based on this conclusion, suggestions are made that the scope should be further expanded and green finance policies should be formulated differently.

Effects of α-Tocopherol, ß-Carotene and Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil.

Using sunflower oil as the oil matrix, the antioxidant effects and types of interactions of three natural components, α-tocopherol, ß-carotene and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were investigated and the kinetic model of oxidation reaction was established. The results showed that the ability of the three antioxidants to scavenge DPPH radicals was ranked as EGCG > ß-carotene > α-tocopherol in the concentration range of 0~100 mg/kg. 15 samples were obtained by combining two of three natural components. When the concentration ratios of ß-carotene and EGCG were 1:20 and 1:7.5, α-tocopherol and EGCG were 1:13.3, 1:6, and 1:2, and α-tocopherol and ß-carotene were 1:0.2 and 1:0.05, the type of interaction was synergistic, while the rest of the samples showed antagonistic effects. The sample with a 1:13.3 concentration of α-tocopherol and EGCG showed the longest induction period, the lowest oxidation rate constant, the highest activation energy, the best oxidative stability, and the longest shelf life at different temperatures. This compounded natural antioxidant was the most favorable for the stability of sunflower oil. This provides some theoretical basis for the development and application of compounded natural antioxidants in vegetable oils.

Metabolic and inflammatory linkage of the chicken cecal microbiome to growth performance.

Introduction: Chinese indigenous chicken breeds are widely used as food in China but their slow growth rate and long farming cycle has limited their industrial production. Methods: In the current study we examined whether the market weights of native chicken breeds were related to specific cecal bacteria, serum metabolites and inflammatory cytokines. We examined cecal bacterial taxa using 16S rDNA analysis along with untargeted serum metabolites and serum inflammatory cytokines. Results: We found that the cecal microbiota could explain 10.1% of the individual differences in chicken weights and identified key cecal bacterial genera that influenced this phenotype. The presence of Sphaerochaeta spp. improved growth performance via bovinic acid metabolism. In contrast, Synergistes and norank_f_Desulfovibrionaceae had a negative effect on growth by inducing expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Discussion: We were able to link specific bacterial genera with growth promotion in chickens and this study will allow further development of their use as probiotics in these animals.

Covalent binding of ultrasound-treated japonica rice bran protein to catechin: Structural and functional properties of the complex.

Due to the existence of many disulfide bonds in japonica rice bran protein (JRBP) molecules, their solubility is poor, which seriously affects other functional properties. To improve the functional characteristics of JRBP molecules, they were processed by ultrasound technology, and JRBP-catechin (CC) covalent complex was prepared. The structural and functional properties of indica and japonica rice bran proteins and their complexes were compared; furthermore, the changes in the structural and functional properties of JRBP-CC under different ultrasound conditions were investigated. The results showed that compared with indica rice bran protein (IRBP), the secondary structure of JRBP-CC was very different, the water holding capacity (WHC) was higher, and the emulsification performance was better. Different ultrasound conditions had different effects on the functional properties of JRBP-CC. When the ultrasound power was 200 W, the λmax redshift of the JRBP-CC complex was the most significant, the particle size was the smallest, the absolute value of the zeta potential was the largest, and the hydrophobicity and microstructure of the JRBP-CC complex were the best. Concurrently, the maximum WHC and oil holding capacity (OHC) of JRBP-CC under these conditions were 7.54 g/g and 6.87 g/g, respectively. Moreover, the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI) were 210 m2/g and 47.8 min, respectively, and the scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS+ were 71.96 % and 80.07 %, respectively.

Effects of different deodorization methods on the oxidation of sterol components in rice bran oil.

Rice bran oil contains a significant quantity of phytosterols that have various active functions and are natural active substances beneficial to humans. It is well known that deodorization during refining affects the quality of rice bran oil. However, changes in phytosterols fraction caused by stripping with nitrogen compared to water vapor remain unexplored. We measured phytosterols in rice bran oil after deodorization with nitrogen and water vapor. The variations in sitosterol fraction, which accounts for the highest percentage of phytosterols in rice bran oil, were analyzed by Gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results showed that using nitrogen as the stripping gas was more suitable for deodorization. It promoted the formation of phytosterol esters, reduced the production of phytosterol oxidation products and improved the oil quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the industrial production quality of rice bran oil.

Construction of hemp seed protein isolate-phosphatidylcholine stablized oleogel-in-water gel system and its effect on structural properties and oxidation stability.

Rice bran wax was added to hemp seed oil (HSO) to prepare oleogel, and hemp seed protein isolate (HPI)-phosphatidylcholine (PC) was used as the emulsifier to obtain an oleogel-in-water (Og/W) gel system. The effect of HPI concentration on the construction of gel system was studied. Microscopic observations found that the oil droplets were encapsulated by the emulsifier. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the increase in HPI concentration promoted the interaction between PC and protein, but didn't affect the crystal structure of gel. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that when the HPI concentration was 8 %, the sample formed a dense gel network and had good thermal stability. At this time, the oil holding capacity of gel was 98.81 ± 0.08 %, and the gel hardness was 109.55 ± 1.74 g. After 30 days of storage, the retention rate of Δ9-THC reached 96.3 %, and the peroxide value was 4.98 mmol/kg.

Reset Event-Triggered Adaptive Fuzzy Consensus for Nonlinear Fractional-Order Multiagent Systems With Actuator Faults.

This article studies the problem of event-triggered adaptive fault-tolerant fuzzy output feedback consensus tracking control for nonlinear fractional-order multiagent systems with actuator failures under a directed graph. Considering the fact that the actual system works near the equilibrium point most of the time, a novel dynamic event-triggering strategy with the reset mechanism is proposed, where the dynamic threshold can be actively adjusted according to the preset conditions, so that the resource utilization can be further reduced. Based on an improved event-based consensus error, the state estimator about the derivative of reference trajectory and the adaptive law about the information of graph are constructed, which makes distributed consensus tracking control achieved without obtaining global information. Then, by introducing two adaptive compensating terms to deal with actuator failures and event-triggered measurement errors, it is shown in the sense of fractional-order stability criterion that tracking errors can converge to a compact set even if the fault parameters and modes are completely unknown. Finally, the correctness of the presented method is verified by a simulation example.

Mechanochemistry of Cubane.

We report the mechanochemical reactivity of the highly strained pentacyclic hydrocarbon cubane. The mechanical reactivity of cubane is explored for three regioisomers with 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-substituted pulling attachments. Whereas all compounds can be activated thermally, mechanical activation is observed via pulsed ultrasonication of cubane-containing polymers only when force is applied via 1,2-attachment. The single observed product of the force-coupled reaction is a thermally inaccessible syn-tricyclooctadiene, in contrast to cyclooctatetraene (observed thermally) or a pair of cyclobutadienes that would result from sequential cyclobutane scission. We further quantify the mechanochemical reactivity of cubane by single molecule force spectroscopy, and force-coupled rate constants for ring opening reach ∼33 s-1 at a force of ∼1.55 nN, lower than forces of 1.8-2.0 nN that are typical of conventional cyclobutanes.