Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Immune-Related Dry Eye.

AIM: To discuss the clinical characteristics of immune-related dry eye. METHODS: Simple dry eye (SDE) group: we selected 224 patients of simple dry eye with no systemic lesions. Immune-related dry eye (IRDE) group: we selected 207 patients of dry eye complicated with immune system diseases, including 70 cases of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), 72 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 65 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The classification of all patients was performed. The difference between the two groups was compared, including age, gender, ocular surface fluorescein staining and inflammatory reaction, tear breakup time (TBUT), Shirmer I test, confocal microscopy scan, and dry eye grading. RESULTS: Compared with the SDE group, the patients of IRDE group were younger (P < 0.05). The female patients were significantly more than the male ones (P < 0.05). Corneal staining counts and ocular surface inflammation were significantly increased (P < 0.05). TBUT and Shirmer I test shortened significantly (P < 0.05). Corneal nerve fibers were less, and the number of local lymphocyte was significant increased. The number of dry eye patients in the moderate or above IRDE group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The dry eye symptom and sign and ocular surface inflammation of IRDE were significantly more severe than those of the SDE.

Comparison of the Ahmed glaucoma valve with the Baerveldt glaucoma implant: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) with the Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) in glaucoma patients. METHODS: Databases were searched to identify studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria, involving randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled clinical trials. Treatment effect was analyzed using a random-effect model. RESULTS: Ten controlled clinical trials (1048 eyes) were analyzed, involving two RCTs and eight retrospective comparative studies. Short-term results (6-18 months) and long-term results (>18 months) were analyzed separately. There was no significant difference in the success rate for short-term follow-up between the AGV and BGI groups (5 studies, 714 eyes, odds ratio [OR]: 0.97; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 1.66; P = 0.90). For long-term pooled results (7 studies, 835 eyes), the success rate of AGVs was lower than that of BGIs (OR: 0.73; 95 % CI: 0.54, 0.99, P = 0.04), However, subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not show a significant difference in the success rate between the two groups (P ≥0.05). The AGV group had a higher mean intraocular pressure than the BGI group in short-term (6 studies, 685 eyes, weighted mean difference [WMD]: 2.12 mmHg; 95 % CI: 0.72-3.52; P <0.05) and long-term pooled results (7 studies, 659 eyes, WMD: 1.85 mmHg; 95 % CI: 0.43, 3.28; P = 0.01). The BGI group required fewer glaucoma medications after implantation than the AGV group in two follow-up periods (all P <0.05). The AGV was found to be associated with a significantly lower frequency of total complications (8 studies, 971 eyes, OR: 0.67; 95 % CI: 0.50-0.90; P = 0.007) and severe complications (8 studies, 971 eyes, OR: 0.57; 95 % CI: 0.36-0.91; P = 0.02) than the BGI. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed no significant difference in success rate between the two groups. The BGI was more effective for control of intraocular pressure and required fewer medications than the AGV, but the AGV had lower incidence of total and severe complications than the BGI.

Crystal structure of 9-(4-bromo-but-yl)-9H-fluorene-9-carb-oxy-lic acid.

The title compound, C18H17BrO2, is a key inter-mediate in the synthesis of lomitapide mesylate, a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor. Its asymmetric unit contains two independent mol-ecules with slightly different conformations; the mean planes of the 4-bromo-butyl and carboxyl-ate groups in the two mol-ecules form dihedral angles of 24.54 (12) and 17.10 (18)°. In the crystal, carboxyl-ate groups are involved in O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, which leads to the formation of two crystallographically independent centrosymmetric dimers. Weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions further link these dimers into layers parallel to the bc plane.

1,3-Dimethyl-1H-indazol-6-amine.

The mol-ecular skeleton of the title compound, C(9)H(11)N(3), is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0325 (19) Šfor the amino N atom. In the crystal, N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds establish the packing.

2-[4-(4-Methylphenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone.

In the title thienopyridine derivative, C(20)H(25)N(3)O(3)S(2), the piperazine ring exhibits a chair conformation and the tetra-hydro-pyridine ring exhibits a half-chair conformation. The folded conformation of the mol-ecule is defined by the N-C-C-N torsion angle of -70.20 (2) °. Inter-molecular C-H⋯S and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to establish the packing.

1-(2-Nitro-benz-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde.

In the title compound, C(12)H(10)N(2)O(3), the five- and six-membered rings form a dihedral angle of 83.96 (6)°. The nitro group is twisted by 5.92 (8)° from the plane of the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into columns in the [100] direction, with a short distance of 3.725 (3) Šbetween the centroids of benzene rings inside these columns.

[Synthesis of thienopyridine derivatives and its anti-platelet activity in vivo].

To explore novel ADP receptor inhibitors with anti-thrombotic activity, eighteen compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and MS. The results showed that the activity of compound C1 was superior to ticlopidine in platelet aggregation inhibition tests in vivo and worthy for further investigation. Compounds A4, B2, C4 and C7 possessed moderate platelet aggregation inhibitory activities.

2-Chloro-1-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone.

In the title compound, C(9)H(10)ClNOS, the dihedral angle between the planar thio-phene ring and 2-chloro-ethane moiety (r.m.s deviations of 0.003 and 0.015 Å, respectively) is 45.79 (6)°. The tetra-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The crystal packing reveals inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions.

[Changes of color pattern reversal visual evoked potential of primary glaucoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of color pattern reversal visual evoked potential (CPR-VEP)of primary glaucoma using different temporal frequencies, and to search for the best temporal frequency parameters and color parameters. METHODS: Vision Monitor visual electrophysiograph (Métrovision, France) was used to record CPR-VEP at different temporal frequencies (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz) and different color stimulations (black/white, red/green, blue/yellow) in 41 cases (70 eyes) with primary glaucoma (glaucoma group) and 13 normal subjects (26 eyes) (normal control group). P100 wave amplitudes were compared. RESULTS: (1) In the normal control group, P100 amplitudes declined while the temporal frequency of black/white stimulation was increasing, but they had peaks at 2 Hz and 8 Hz red/green stimulation and blue/yellow stimulation. (2) In the glaucoma group, CPR-VEP P100 declined while temporal frequency was increasing under 3 color stimulations, but had a peak at 8 Hz. At 2 Hz-16 Hz, P100 amplitudes were related with the mean defect of Humphrey visual field, especially with all 3 color stimulations at 8 Hz and with blue/yellow stimulation at 2 Hz and 16 Hz. (3) P100 amplitude was most different under the 3 color stimulations between the 2 groups at 8 Hz. CONCLUSION: The changes of CPR-VEP P(100) amplitude can objectively reflect the glaucoma visual function damage. CPR-VEP P100 amplitude has certain value in studying glaucoma under different color stimulations (black/white, red/green, blue/yellow) at 8 Hz, and blue/yellow stimulation at 2 Hz and 16 Hz.

[Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor antagonist VIPhybrid on the development of form deprivation myopia in chicks].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of regulation of VIPhybrid, an unselective antagonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VIPR), on the formation and development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in chick and the expression of protein and mRNA of VIP on the retina and choroids of in chicks. METHODS: Seventy-two 1-day-old yellow healthy leghorn chicks were assigned into 6 groups (12 in each group). Eyes in Group I were covered on the right as a blank control group. Eyes in GroupII were those eyes having been injected with 20 microL saline into vitreous cavity and then covered as a negative control group. Eyes in GroupIII,IV and V were injected with 20 microL VIPhybrid with low (3*10(-12) mol/L), middle (3*10(-10) mol/L) and high (3*10(-8) mol/L) dosage into vitreous cavity and then covered as experimental groups. The above groups had been continuously covered for 1 week. Eyes in Group VI were uncovered and uninjected as a normal control group. Diopter was detected using retinoscopic refraction. The eyeball axis was determined using ophthalmological ultra-A. The expression of protein and mRNA of VIP on retina-choroids-sclera were investigated by SP immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR. RESULTS: Form deprivation for 1 week induced high myopia eyes and elongated eyeball axis in GroupI and GroupII, and there was no difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). The diopter and eyeball axis were significantly reduced in Group III, IV, and V as compared with Group I and II (P<0.01), but the diopter was higher and the eyeball axis was longer than those of Group VI. The diopter and eyeball axis had negative correlation with the concentration gradient of VIPhybrid. The expressions of protein and mRNA of VIP in Group III, IV, and V were down-regulated as compared with those of Group I and I I(P<0.01)and also down-regulated with the increase of concentration of VIPhybrid. CONCLUSION: VIPhybrid can decrease the development of FDM in chicks, which may provide a new pathway for drug therapy of myopia in human beings.

[Dynamic expression of VIPR2 in form deprivation myopia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamic expression and significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2) on retina-choroid-clera in high myopia. METHODS: Twenty-one yellow chicks of 1 day old were used in the research. The right eyes were the experimental group, covered continuously for 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. The left eyes were not covered as the normal control group. Both groups were detected diopter degrees using retinoscopic refraction, determinated eyeball axis using ophthalmology ultra-A, and investigated VIPR2 expression on retina-choroid-sclera in both groups at three stages by SP immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The experimental eyes changed from hypermetropia at pre-experiment to high myopia during the experiment stages, and the diopter degrees were deeper and eyeball axis was longer along with the period of being covered. Both groups had strong expression of VIPR2 on photoreceptor-outer segment of the retina and choroids. The expression was down-regulated with the time in both groups. Compared with the control group, VIPR2 expression of the experimental group was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Form deprivation could induce high myopia. The expression of VIPR2 existed on photoreceptor-outer segment of the retina and choroids. VIPR2 may play an important role on the formation and development of myopia.