ABSTRACT
Water environmental emergency (WEE) in expressway region is a special kind of risk event with several characteristics, such as rarity, unconventionality, and harmfulness. The emergency decision-making (EDM) features, procedures, and methods are considerably different from the general decision-making problems. EDM quality is directly related to the timely implementation of a reasonable emergency plan. Therefore, methods should be developed to respond to emergencies immediately and scientifically and minimize the damage to water environment. This work introduces risk source identification and emergency classification and develops an emergency decision model based on scenario retrieval and case-based reasoning, according to the existing EDM model and characteristics of WEE in expressway region. The proposed method is validated through case analysis of Daguang expressway in China. This method provides an effective solution for EDM of WEEs in expressway region. The emergency measures can be implemented quickly and effectively after the occurrence of water environmental emergencies to control pollution events, provide scientific and feasible action guides for emergency processes, and enrich the case base of decision-making systems.
Subject(s)
Emergencies , Water , Environmental Pollution , Humans , Problem Solving , Research DesignABSTRACT
As an important part of smart city, intelligent transportation is an critical breakthrough to solve urban traffic congestion, build an integrated transportation system, realize the intelligence of traffic infrastructure and promote sustainable development of traffic. In order to investigate the construction of intelligent transportation in cities, 20 initial affecting variables were determined in this study based on literature analysis. A questionnaire collected from professionals in intelligent transportation was conducted, and a total of 188 valid responses were received. Then the potential grouping was revealed through exploratory factor analysis. Finally, a causal model containing seven concepts was established using the practical experience and knowledge of the experts. A root cause analysis method based on fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) was also proposed to simulate intelligent transportation construction (ITC). The results indicate:(1) The 20 variables can be divided into six dimensions: policy support (PS), traffic sector control (TSC), technical support (TS), communication foundation (CF), residents' recognition (RR), and talent quality (TQ); and (2) In the FCM model, all six concept nodes (PS, TSC, TS, CF, RR, and TQ) have a significant positive correlation with the target concept node ITC. The rank of the six dimensions according to correlation strength is TS, CF, PS, TSC, RR, and TQ. The findings of this paper can help academics and practitioners understand the deep-seated determinants of urban intelligent transportation construction more comprehensively, and provide valuable suggestions for policy makers. And thus, the efficiency of intelligent transportation construction can be improved.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects and possible mechanism of 17ß-estradiol on the expression of small conductance Ca(2+) activated K(+) channel 3 (SK3) in rat colonic smooth muscle cells (SMC). METHODS: The SMC isolated from male SD rats by enzymolysis were cultured. And double immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the co-expression of SK3 and α-actin. Colonic SMC were cultured with different concentrations of 17ß-estradiol for 24 h or with 50 nmol/L 17ß-estradiol at different time points respectively. The expressions of SK3 in colonic SMC were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR and Western blotting. The effects of estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitor ICI 182780, albumin bovine serum-17ß-estradiol (BSA-E2), ERα selective agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and ERß selective agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) on SK3 expression were observed. RESULTS: Double immunofluorescence staining showed that SK3 and α-actin co-expressed in cultured colonic SMC. The expression of SK3 of 17ß-estradiol at different concentration (10, 50 nmol/L) significantly higher than the control group (protein: 0.217 ± 0.030 and 0.321 ± 0.077 vs 0.103 ± 0.063, mRNA: 1.872 ± 0.606 and 2.967 ± 0.659 vs 0.813 ± 0.202, all P < 0.05). And 50 nmol/L was the most effective in vitro concentration. The peak expression of SK3 appeared at 12 and 24 hour (2.91 and 3.30-fold in protein vs 3.46 and 3.37-fold in mRNA respectively, all P < 0.05). The protein levels of SK3 in ICI 182780 plus 17ß-estradiol group was less than 17ß-estradiol group (0.111 ± 0.050 vs 0.351 ± 0.084, P < 0.05). But it was not influenced by BSA-E2. The expressions of SK3 in PPT and E2 groups were both higher than control group (0.270 ± 0.071, 0.309 ± 0.052 vs 0.087 ± 0.018, both P < 0.05) . However DPN had no effect on SK3 protein levels. CONCLUSIONS: SK3 is localized in rat colonic SMC. And 17ß-estradiol increases its expression in an ERα-dependent manner.
