Phenotypic heterogeneity of mycosis fungoides cells leads to the difficulties in determining tumour origin.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a low-grade malignant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that originates from memory T cells. It typically follows a unique and relatively indolent disease course. MF is used to be characterized by a tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) phenotype, although recent molecular research has revealed its complexity, casting doubt on the cell of origin and the TRM-MF paradigm. Recent clonal heterogeneity studies suggest that MF may originate from immature early precursor T cells. During development, the tumour microenvironment (TME) influences tumour cell phenotype. The exact origin and development trajectory of MF remains elusive. Clarifying the origin of MF cells is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Prevalence and diversity of imported severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants in China, 2021-2022.

The causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread accumulatively to 240 countries and continues to evolve. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of imported variants in China and their correlation with global circulating variants, genomic surveillance data from 11 139 imported COVID-19 cases submitted by Chinese provincial CDC laboratories between 2021 and 2022 were analyzed. Consensus sequences underwent rigorous quality checks, followed by amino acid mutations analysis using Nextclade. Sequences with satisfactory quality control status were classified according to the Pango nomenclature. The results showed that the dominant variants in imported cases reflected the global epidemic trend. An increase in the number of imported SARS-CoV-2 lineages monitored in China in the second half of 2022, and the circulating Omicron subvariants changed from the ancestral lineages of BA.5 and BA.2 into the lineages containing key amino acid mutations of spike protein. There was significant variation in the detection of Omicron subvariants among continents (χ2 = 321.968, p < 0.001) in the second half of 2022, with four lineages (BA.2.3.7, BA.2.2, BA.5.2.7, and XBB.1.2) identified through imported surveillance mainly prevalent respectively in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong SAR, China, Russian Federation, and Singapore. These findings revealed the alterations in circulating imported variants from 2021 to 2022 in China, reflecting the higher diversity of lineages in the second half of 2022, and revealed the predominant lineages of countries or regions that are in close contacts to China, providing new insights into the global prevalence of SARS-CoV-2.

High-Performance Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode Based on Metal-Organic Framework Glass.

The performance of lithium metal batteries is severely hampered by uncontrollable dendrite growth and volume change within the anode. This work addresses these obstacles by introducing a novel strategy: applying an isotropic and internal grain-boundary-free layer, specifically, a metal-organic framework (MOF) glass layer with nano-porosity onto the electrochemically plated lithium metal anode. Both ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the MOF glass layer makes the lithium transport smooth and uniform via its internal monolithic and interfacial advantages. This MOF glass layer with the fast and more uniform lithium diffusion in the monolithic interior and its interface enables dendrite-free lithium plating and stripping through surface confinement effect and interfacial effect. When employed in symmetric batteries, the achieved Li metal anode can operate over 300 h at 1 mA cm-2. The full batteries matched with LiFePO4 exhibit high capacity (148 mAh g-1), excellent rate performance (61 mAh g-1 at 5 C), and outstanding cycling stability (with capacity retention of ≈90% after 1000 cycles). The full batteries matched with high-voltage LiCoO2 also show superior performances. Therefore, the strategy of utilizing a MOF glass layer enables the development of high-performance lithium metal anodes.

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Dominance of XBB Replacement - China, January-June 2023.

Introduction: In the first half of 2023, a global shift was observed towards the predominance of XBB variants. China faced a significant epidemic between late 2022 and early 2023 due to Omicron subvariants BA.5.2 and BF.7. This study aims to depict the evolving variant distribution among provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) in China and explore the factors driving the predominance of XBB replacement. Methods: Sequences from local and imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases recorded between January 1 and June 30, 2023, were included. The study analyzed the changing distribution of viral variants and assessed how the prior dominance of specific variants, XBB subvariants, and imported cases influenced the prevalence of the XBB replacement variant. Results: A total of 56,486 sequences were obtained from local cases, and 8,669 sequences were from imported cases. Starting in April, there was a shift in the prevalence of XBB from imported to local cases, with varying dominance among PLADs. In PLADs previously high in BF.7, the rise of XBB was delayed. A positive correlation was found between XBB proportions in imported cases from January to March and local cases in April. The distribution pattern of XBB subvariants differed between local and imported cases within the same PLAD. No significant differences were noted in the replacement rates of XBB subvariants. Conclusions: The timing of XBB dominance differed among various PLADs in China in the first half of 2023, correlating closely with the prevalence of XBB variants among imported cases.

Investigation of Nasal Mucosal IgA Responses in the Population Following COVID-19 Pandemic - China, September 2022-August 2023.

What is already known about this topic?: Mucosal IgA plays a crucial role in host immunity against respiratory viruses. Recent studies suggest that it has the potential to mitigate the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. However, a comprehensive population-based analysis examining mucosal IgA levels following the winter 2022 wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is yet to be conducted. What is added by this report?: In our study involving 3,421 participants, we documented IgA responses subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A significant proportion of individuals sustained increased levels of IgA for over six months. These levels were also observed in individuals with prior infections who underwent asymptomatic reinfections, indicating an active production of IgA antibodies. Further, individuals with multiple vaccinations or severe symptoms tended to display elevated IgA levels after recovery. What are the implications for public health practice?: IgA in the nasal mucosa is crucial for defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These insights can enhance our knowledge of immune responses following infection and have provided certain reference values for disease prevention and control strategies.

SCFFBXW5-mediated degradation of AQP3 suppresses autophagic cell death through the PDPK1-AKT-MTOR axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

AQP3 (aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)), a member of the AQP family, is an aquaglyceroporin which transports water, glycerol and small solutes across the plasma membrane. Beyond its role in fluid transport, AQP3 plays a significant role in regulating various aspects of tumor cell behavior, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Nevertheless, the underlying regulatory mechanism of AQP3 in tumors remains unclear. Here, for the first time, we report that AQP3 is a direct target for ubiquitination by the SCFFBXW5 complex. In addition, we revealed that downregulation of FBXW5 significantly induced AQP3 expression to prompt macroautophagic/autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Mechanistically, AQP3 accumulation induced by FBXW5 knockdown led to the degradation of PDPK1/PDK1 in a lysosomal-dependent manner, thus inactivating the AKT-MTOR pathway and inducing autophagic death in HCC. Taken together, our findings revealed a previously undiscovered regulatory mechanism through which FBXW5 degraded AQP3 to suppress autophagic cell death via the PDPK1-AKT-MTOR axis in HCC cells.Abbreviation: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; CRL: CUL-Ring E3 ubiquitin ligases; FBXW5: F-box and WD repeat domain containing 5; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; PDPK1/PDK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; RBX1/ROC1: ring-box 1; SKP1: S-phase kinase associated protein 1; SCF: SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein.

Octoploids Show Enhanced Salt Tolerance through Chromosome Doubling in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.).

Polyploid plants often exhibit enhanced stress tolerance. Switchgrass is a perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass that is considered ideal for cultivation in marginal lands, including sites with saline soil. In this study, we investigated the physiological responses and transcriptome changes in the octoploid and tetraploid of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. 'Alamo') under salt stress. We found that autoploid 8× switchgrass had enhanced salt tolerance compared with the amphidiploid 4× precursor, as indicated by physiological and phenotypic traits. Octoploids had increased salt tolerance by significant changes to the osmoregulatory and antioxidant systems. The salt-treated 8× Alamo plants showed greater potassium (K+) accumulation and an increase in the K+/Na+ ratio. Root transcriptome analysis for octoploid and tetraploid plants with or without salt stress revealed that 302 upregulated and 546 downregulated differentially expressed genes were enriched in genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction pathways and were specifically associated with the auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and ethylene pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) detected four significant salt stress-related modules. This study explored the changes in the osmoregulatory system, inorganic ions, antioxidant enzyme system, and the root transcriptome in response to salt stress in 8× and 4× Alamo switchgrass. The results enhance knowledge of the salt tolerance of artificially induced homologous polyploid plants and provide experimental and sequencing data to aid research on the short-term adaptability and breeding of salt-tolerant biofuel plants.

OsLESV and OsESV1 promote transitory and storage starch biosynthesis to determine rice grain quality and yield.

Transitory starch is an important carbon source in leaves, and its biosynthesis and metabolism are closely related to grain quality and yield. The molecular mechanisms controlling leaf transitory starch biosynthesis and degradation and their effects on rice (Oryza sativa) quality and yield remain unclear. Here, we show that OsLESV and OsESV1, the rice orthologs of AtLESV and AtESV1, are associated with transitory starch biosynthesis in rice. The total starch and amylose contents in leaves and endosperms are significantly reduced, and the final grain quality and yield are compromised in oslesv and osesv1 single and oslesv esv1 double mutants. Furthermore, we found that OsLESV and OsESV1 bind to starch, and this binding depends on a highly conserved C-terminal tryptophan-rich region that acts as a starch-binding domain. Importantly, OsLESV and OsESV1 also interact with the key enzymes of starch biosynthesis, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), GBSSII, and pyruvate orthophosphote dikiase (PPDKB), to maintain their protein stability and activity. OsLESV and OsESV1 also facilitate the targeting of GBSSI and GBSSII from plastid stroma to starch granules. Overexpression of GBSSI, GBSSII, and PPDKB can partly rescue the phenotypic defects of the oslesv and osesv1 mutants. Thus, we demonstrate that OsLESV and OsESV1 play a key role in regulating the biosynthesis of both leaf transitory starch and endosperm storage starch in rice. These findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying transitory starch biosynthesis in rice leaves and reveal how the transitory starch metabolism affects rice grain quality and yield, providing useful information for the genetic improvement of rice grain quality and yield.

Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment between subungual and plantar melanoma.

Acral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of melanoma with high prevalence in East Asians. AM is characterized by greater aggressiveness and lower survival rates. However, there are still fewer studies on immune mechanisms of AM especially subungual melanoma (SM) versus non-subungual melanoma (NSM). In order to explore tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment in different subtypes of AM, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 24,789 single cells isolated from the SM and plantar melanoma (PM) patients. Aspects of tumor heterogeneity, melanocytes from PM and SM had significant differences in gene expression, CNV and pathways in which tumor-associated such as NF-kb and Wnt were involved. Regarding the immune microenvironment, PM contained more fibroblasts and T/NK cells. The EPHA3-EFNA1 axis was expressed only in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and melanocytes of PM, and the TIGIT-NECTIN2 axis was expressed in both AM subtypes of T/NK cells and melanocytes. Altogether, our study helps to elucidate the tumor heterogeneity in AM subpopulations and provides potential therapeutic targets for clinical research.

Boosting the reversibility of Zn anodes via synergistic cation-anion interface adsorption with addition of multifunctional potassium polyacrylate.

Rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries have the edge in resource reserve, cost, energy and conversion efficiency due to the inherent features of metal Zn anodes. However, the application of Zn-based batteries is being seriously hindered by Zn dendrites and water-induced side-reactions. Here, potassium polyacrylate (K-PAM) is proposed as the electrolyte additive to form a synergistic cation-anion interface on Zn surface. The carboxyl anions and K+ cations are preferentially adsorbed on the Zn surface due to the intrinsic surfactant characteristics, which could homogenize Zn plating and suppress parasitic reactions. The synergistic regulation of K-PAM additive endows the ZnZn symmetric cells with excellent cyclic durability of 1250 h at 1 mA cm-2, which is significantly better than the polyacrylic acid additive only with carboxyl anions. Moreover, trace K-PAM addition into traditional ZnSO4 electrolyte endows the ZnCu batteries with a considerable average Coulombic efficiency of 99.2 %. Additionally, higher capacity retention and excellent cycling stability of ZnVO2 cells further mark K-PAM as a potentially impressive aqueous electrolyte additive for high-performance Zn-based batteries. This work will provide a promising method for the synergistic regulation with cations and anions of electrolyte additives to improve the stability and reversibility of Zn anodes.

Hierarchical Porous Fibers for Intrinsically Thermally Insulated and Self-Sensing Integrated Smart Textile.

Here, stretchable hierarchical porous polyurethane fibers were designed, fabricated, and employed as a three-dimensional hierarchical interconnected framework for conductive networks interwoven with silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. The fiber possessed favorable thermal insulation, strain sensing, and electric heating properties. The core-shell layered porous structure of fiber made the fiber have high heat insulation performance (the difference value of temperature |ΔT| = 3.54, 8.9, and 12.7 °C at heating stage temperatures of 35, 50, and 65 °C) and ultrahigh elongation at break (813%). Importantly, after conductive filler decoration, the fiber could exhibit real-time strain-sensing capacities with a high gauge factor. In addition, the fibers could be heated at low voltage, like an electrical heater. The development of flexible, stretchable, and multifunctional porous fibers had great potential applications in intelligent wearable devices for integrated thermal management, strain sensing, and intrinsic self-warming capability.

Wild imitating vs greenhouse cultivated Dendrobium huoshanense: Chemical quality differences.

Dendrobium huoshanense (D. huoshanense) has been used as functional food supplements and herbal medicines for preventing and managing diseases with a long history in China. Due to its endangered natural resources and huge demand, people tend to cultivate D. huoshanense to protect this species. However, the quality of wild and cultivated herbs of the same species may change. This work quantified and compared the main quality traits and chemical components of wild imitating and greenhouse cultivated D. huoshanense with different growth years. As a result, wild and cultivated D. huoshanense had similar chemical composition, but there are significant differences in the content of many ingredients (polysaccharides, flavonoids, nucleosides, bibenzyls, lignans and volatile compounds). And the contents of many of these components increased with growing years. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses have been applied to classify and evaluate samples from different cultivation modes according to these components. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the overall quality of greenhouse cultivated D. huoshanense was not as good as wild-grown, but this mode can be a promising and sustainable way of producing D. huoshanense.

Differentiation of parotid pleomorphic adenoma from Warthin tumor using signal intensity ratios on fat-suppressed T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity ratios (SIRs) based on fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (FS-T2WI), together with demographic features, MRI anatomical characteristics, and SIRs of histopathological patterns of the tumors, in the differentiation of parotid pleomorphic adenoma (PA) from Warthin tumor (WT). STUDY DESIGN: In total, 90 patients with PA and 56 patients with WT were enrolled in the study. SIRs of tumor to normal parotid gland (SIR-T/P), spinal cord (SIR-T/S), and muscle (SIR-T/M) were calculated. Demographic and radiological features of the 2-patient groups were compared with univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were analyzed to evaluate the utility of SIRs in distinguishing between PA and WT. RESULTS: SIR-T/P exhibited outstanding discriminating ability (AUC = 0.934), SIR-T/S had excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.839), and SIR-T/M showed acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.728). When SIR-T/P of 1.96 was selected as the cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity were 0.756 and 0.982, respectively. SIR-T/P, age, sex, and number of lesions were identified as independent predictors by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Differences in SIRs between histopathological patterns were significant. CONCLUSION: SIR-T/P based on FS-T2WI is an effective discriminator in the differential diagnosis between PA and WT. Age, sex, and number of lesions provided additional value in differentiation.

Hepatic steatosis using ultrasound-derived fat fraction: First technical and clinical evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the technical and clinical evaluation of ultrasound-derived fat fraction (UDFF) measurement in adult patients in whom fatty liver was suspected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 41 participants were initially enrolled in our hospital between October 2022 and December 2022 and received UDFF assessment using Siemens ACUSON Sequoia system equipped with DAX transducer. UDFF measurement was performed three times to obtain UDFF values from each imaging location (V hepatic segment and VIII hepatic segment) per participant, and the depth (skin-to-capsule distance) was automatically measured. The echogenicity of liver tissue in B mode ultrasound (BMUS) was compared to the normal kidney tissue, and fatty liver was graded as mild (Grade 1), moderate (Grade 2), and severe (Grade 3). The median of the acquired overall median UDFF values was used for statistical analysis. All ultrasound examinations were performed by one of two radiologists (with 20 and 10 years of liver ultrasound imaging experience). RESULTS: Finally, UDFF measurement was successfully performed on 38 participants to obtain valid values, including 21 men with a median age of 40.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23.0 - 58.5) and 17 women with a median age of 60.0 years (IQR: 29.5 - 67.0). Fatty liver was diagnosed by BMUS features in 47.4% (18/38) participants. Among all participants, the median UDFF value was 7.0% (IQR: 4.0 - 15.6). A significant difference in UDFF values was found between participants with fatty liver and without fatty liver (U = 7.0, P < 0.001), and UDFF values elevated as the grade of the fatty liver increased (P < 0.001). The median UDFF values from the three UDFF measurements obtained during each ultrasound examination showed excellent agreement (ICC = 0.882 [95% confidence interval: 0.833 - 0.919]). The Spearman correlation of UDFF values in different depths was moderate, with a rs value of 0.546 (P < 0.001). No significant differences in UDFF values were found between V hepatic segment and VIII hepatic segment (U = 684.5, P = 0.697). CONCLUSIONS: UDFF provides a novel non-invasive imaging tool for hepatic steatosis assessment with excellent feasibility.

Confinement Effect and 3D Design Endow Unsaturated Single Ni Atoms with Ultrahigh Stability and Selectivity toward CO2 Electroreduction.

Developing single-atomic catalysts with superior selectivity and outstanding stability for CO2 electroreduction is desperately required but still challenging. Herein, confinement strategy and three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous structure design strategy are combined to construct unsaturated single Ni sites (Ni-N3) stabilized by pyridinic N-rich interconnected carbon nanosheets. The confinement agent chitosan and its strong interaction with g-C3N4 nanosheet are effective for dispersing Ni and restraining their agglomeration during pyrolysis, resulting in ultrastable Ni single-atom catalyst. Due to the confinement effect and structure advantage, such designed catalyst exhibits a nearly 100% selectivity and remarkable stability for CO2 electroreduction to CO, exceeding most reported state-of-the-art catalysts. Specifically, the CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) maintains above 90% over a broad potential range (-0.55 to -0.95 V vs. RHE) and reaches a maximum value of 99.6% at a relatively low potential of -0.67 V. More importantly, the FECO is kept above 95% within a long-term 100 h electrolyzing. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations explain the high selectivity for CO generation is due to the high energy barrier required for hydrogen evolution on the unsaturated Ni-N3. This work provides a new designing strategy for the construction of ultrastable and highly selective single-atom catalysts for efficient CO2 conversion.

Metal-Organic Framework Glass as a Functional Filler Enables Enhanced Performance of Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries.

Polymers are promising candidates as solid-state electrolytes due to their performance and processability, but fillers play a critical role in adjusting the polymer network structure and electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Most fillers studied so far are anisotropic, limiting the possibility of homogeneous ion transport. Here, applying metal-organic framework (MOF) glass as an isotropic functional filler, solid-state polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrolytes are prepared. Calorimetric and diffusion kinetics tests show that the MOF glass addition reduces the glass transition temperature of the polymer phase, improving the mobility of the polymer chains, and thereby facilitating lithium (Li) ion transport. By also incorporating the lithium salt and ionic liquid (IL), Li-Li symmetric cell tests of the PEO-lithium salt-MOF glass-IL electrolyte reveal low overpotential, indicating low interfacial impedance. Simulations show that the isotropic structure of the MOF glass facilitates the wettability of the IL by enhancing interfacial interactions, leading to a less confined IL structure that promotes Li-ion mobility. Finally, the obtained electrolyte is used to construct Li-lithium iron phosphate full batteries that feature high cycle stability and rate capability. This work therefore demonstrates how an isotropic functional filler can be used to enhance the electrochemical performance of solid-state polymer electrolytes.

Altered fatty acid composition confers improved drought acclimation in maize.

Drought induces alteration in membrane lipid composition in plants; however, still little is known about whether membrane lipid remodeling plays a role in plant drought acclimation, including both drought tolerance and recovery, especially in crops. Here, we imposed natural progressive drought and re-watering in 18 maize genotypes at the seedling stage, and analyzed the physiological responses, drought tolerance and drought acclimation capabilities, contents of lipids, and fatty acid compositions. The results showed that drought caused significant reductions in shoot dry weight, relative water content, Fv/Fm, total lipid content, and double bond index (DBI) in most genotypes, while re-watering partially recovered these reductions. Meanwhile, the total lipid content, fatty acid composition, and DBI were also changed obviously in response to drought and re-watering. In order to explore the relationship between membrane lipid change and plant drought response, we did a principal component analysis. The results showed that C18:3 fatty acid contributed greatly to drought tolerance, and C16:2 and C16:3 fatty acids were more responsible for drought recovery. Meanwhile, DBI showed significant positive correlations with shoot dry weight and relative water content, but a negative association with lipid peroxidation, and more importantly, DBI was important for both drought tolerance and recovery. These alterations in membrane lipid composition may facilitate increasing membrane fluidity and decreasing membrane damage, thus maintaining the high photosynthetic capability under drought. Our results suggest that lipid remodeling is important for drought tolerance and recovery in crops, and different fatty acid species have different roles in crop drought acclimation.

Characteristics of common pathogens of urogenital tract among outpatients in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2021.

Background: Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the prevalent causes of several genital diseases worldwide; however, their characteristics in different genders have not been well documented in Shanghai. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of common pathogens among outpatients, considering variations by gender and age. Methods: From January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021, the urogenital swabs of 16216 outpatients aged 3-95 years from two general hospitals in Shanghai were collected. All participants' swabs were investigated for U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae by isothermal RNA-based simultaneous amplification and testing. The basic information of all participants was also recorded, including age and gender. The chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence between different genders, age groups, and infection patterns. Results: There were 5,744 patients (35.42%) with positive samples whose ages ranged from 7 to 80 years (33.23 ± 8.63 years), and 62.14% of them were women. The most common pathogen detected was U. urealyticum (85.08%). The highest prevalence rate of all three pathogens was found in patients aged ≤ 20 years (40.53%, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 33.80%-47.63%). The prevalent rate of U. urealyticum was higher in men (33.36%, 95% CI: 32.19%-34.55%). The overall prevalence rates of U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae were 30.14% (95% CI: 29.44%-30.85%), 6.00% (95% CI: 5.64%-6.38%), and 2.10% (95% CI: 1.89%-2.33%). Conclusions: Ureaplasma urealyticum was the most prevalent pathogen in the population, and its prevalence decreased with age. Young men aged ≤ 20 years were more frequently infected. Regular screening for sexually transmitted pathogens in different genders and age groups are warranted, particularly in young men.