ABSTRACT
Nitrogen balance index (NBI) is one of the important indicators for crop growth. The high and low status of nitrogen can be quickly monitored by measuring NBI, which can provide accurate information of agricultural production and management. The relationship between NBI and original spectrum and derivative spectrum of infrared and near infrared wavelength from flowering to maturity stage was analyzed based on high definition digital image and hyperspectral data on unmanned aerial vehicles. Then, the sensitive bands were selected and the vegetation indexes were calculated. The inversion models of NBI were constructed by empirical model method. The optimal inversion model was obtained by analysing the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) of validating model. The results showed that the correlation between NBI and derivative spectral reflectance was more stronger than that between it and original spectral reflectance. All the 14 vegetation indices selected in this study, except the derivative spectral photochemical reflectance index, had significant correlation with NBI. The NBI inversion models were constructed based on those 13 vegetation indices and the accuracy was analyzed. The inversion model constructed by derivative spectral difference vegetation index had the highest accuracy, with the R2 and RMSE being 0.771 and 3.077 respectively. The soybean NBI distribution maps of the whole growing stages generated by this model could reflect the soybean growth state. Estimation of NBI using the high definition digital image and hyperspectral data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle, as shown by our results, could be a real-time, dynamic, non-destructive and effective way to monitor the nitrogen status of soybean. It's a simple and practical method for precise management of nitrogen in soybean.
Subject(s)
Glycine max/chemistry , Nitrogen , Models, Theoretical , Plant Leaves , Glycine max/growth & development , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Myricetin (MyR), a naturally occurring flavonol widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidaemic, and antiobesity activities. In the present study, we hypothesized that the antiobesity property of MyR is mediated via suppression of differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes and promotion of lipolysis of mature adipocytes, which effectively decrease the intracellular triglyceride concentration of adipocytes. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of MyR on adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis in differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results showed that MyR inhibited differentiation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Myricetin downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, both of which are major adipogenic transcription factors. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of other adipogenesis-related transcription factors, namely, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ß, sterin regulatory element binding protein 1-c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1, adipocyte protein 2, lipoprotein lipase and glucose transporter 4, were also reduced by MyR treatment. Moreover, MyR significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 during the differentiation process. On the other hand, MyR induced a dose-dependent increase in glycerol release in fully differentiated adipocytes, indicating its stimulatory effect on adipocyte lipolysis. Furthermore, MyR downregulated mRNA level of perilipin A and enhanced the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 during lipolysis. Taken together, these findings indicate that MyR exerts antiobesity activity in adipocytes.
