ABSTRACT
Reactions involving an alkyl radical generated from a primary alcohol by photochemistry are rare and challenging. Herein, we present a photocatalyst- and metal-free approach that enables the generation of an alkyl radical from the corresponding alcohol and the subsequent C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation with activated olefin, via an alkyl thianthrenium salt/Hantzsch ester electron donor-acceptor complex. This protocol for the conversion of a C-OH bond to a C-C bond is highly functionality tolerant and can successfully be used in late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of visual impairments has been reported in preterm populations. However, it remains unclear about the long-term visual electrophysiological outcomes and their association with visual cognitive functions in premature infants. We investigated visual electrophysiological outcome of 2-year-old infants of different birth weights by flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs) in order to explore the correlation between visual cognitive functions and FVEPs and to assess the application of FVEPs in evaluating the visual capability of an infant. METHODS: The FVEPs of 77 infants, including 25 very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants, 16 low birth weight (LBW) premature infants and 36 full-term infants, were tested with a visual electrophysiological testing device. Neuromotor development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID-II). The visual cognitive functions were evaluated by scoring the proportion passed of 12 items chosen from the BSID-II for infants at 23 to 25 months of age. RESULTS: The second prominent positive wave (P2) was the major component presented in all three groups. The mean latency of P2 in the VLBW, LBW and full-term groups was 149.65+/-23.79 ms, 129.39+/-8.70 ms, and 126.14+/-7.73 ms respectively. There was no significant difference in mean latency of P2 wave between the LBW and full-term groups; the mean latency of the P2 wave in the VLBW group was delayed more significantly than those of the other two groups. The difference in amplitude of the P2 peak to the preceding N2 peak (N2P2) between the three groups was not statistically significant. The latency of the P2 main wave was negatively correlated with mental developmental index (MDI) (r'(MDI) = -0.35) and visual cognitive capability (r'(visual capability) = -0.21). CONCLUSIONS: The latency of the P2 main wave on FVEPs was delayed more significantly in premature infants than in full-term infants at 2 years of corrected age. The visual functional development was delayed in premature infants, especially in VLBW infants (gestational age <32 weeks). The FVEPs were reported low but there were statistically significant correlations between measures of visual cognition and P2 peak latency. As a noninvasive and convenient method, FVEPs are useful in assessing certain aspects of an infant's visual development and visual function.
