ABSTRACT
Biomaterials in regenerative medicine are designed to mimic and modulate tissue environments to promote repair. Biologic scaffolds (derived from decellularized tissue extracellular matrix) promote a wound-healing (proregenerative) immune phenotype and are used clinically to treat tissue loss, including in the context of tumor resection. It is unknown whether a biomaterial microenvironment that encourages tissue formation may also promote tumor development. We implanted a urinary bladder matrix (UBM) scaffold, which is used clinically for wound management, with syngeneic cancer cell lines in mice to study how wound-healing immune responses affect tumor formation and sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade. The UBM scaffold created an immune microenvironment that inhibited B16-F10 melanoma tumor formation in a CD4+ T cell-dependent and macrophage-dependent manner. In-depth immune characterization revealed an activated type 2-like immune response that was distinct from the classical tumor microenvironment, including activated type 2 T helper T cells, a unique macrophage phenotype, eosinophil infiltration, angiogenic factors, and complement. Tumor growth inhibition by PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade was potentiated in the UBM scaffold immune microenvironment. Engineering the local tumor microenvironment to promote a type 2 wound-healing immune signature may serve as a therapeutic target to improve immunotherapy efficacy.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology , Carcinogenesis/immunology , Carcinogenesis/pathology , Immunotherapy , Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry , Tumor Microenvironment/immunology , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Polarity/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Extracellular Matrix/drug effects , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Inflammation/pathology , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/pathology , Melanoma, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Myeloid Cells/drug effects , Myeloid Cells/metabolism , Phenotype , Th2 Cells/drug effects , Th2 Cells/immunology , Urinary Bladder/physiology , Urinary Bladder/ultrastructure , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
Multidrug-resistance is a major cause of cancer chemotherapy failure in clinical treatment. Evidence shows that multidrug-resistant cancer cells are as sensitive as corresponding regular cancer cells under the exposure to anticancer ceramide analogs. In this work we designed five new ceramide analogs with different backbones, in order to test the hypothesis that extending the conjugated system in ceramide analogs would lead to an increase of their anticancer activity and selectivity towards resistant cancer cells. The analogs with the 3-ketone-4,6-diene backbone show the highest apoptosis-inducing efficacy. The most potent compound, analog 406, possesses higher pro-apoptotic activity in chemo-resistant cell lines MCF-7TN-R and NCI/ADR-RES than the corresponding chemo-sensitive cell lines MCF-7 and OVCAR-8, respectively. However, this compound shows the same potency in inhibiting the growth of another pair of chemo-sensitive and chemo-resistant cancer cells, MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. Mechanism investigations indicate that analog 406 can induce apoptosis in chemo-resistant cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Cellular glucosylceramide synthase assay shows that analog 406 does not interrupt glucosylceramide synthase in chemo-resistant cancer cell NCI/ADR-RES. These findings suggest that due to certain intrinsic properties, ceramide analogs' pro-apoptotic activity is not disrupted by the normal drug-resistance mechanisms, leading to their potential use for overcoming cancer multidrug-resistance.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzeneacetamides/chemistry , Ceramides/chemistry , Ceramides/pharmacology , Ketones/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Apoptosis/drug effects , Benzeneacetamides/chemical synthesis , Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Ceramides/chemical synthesis , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Glucosyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Glucosyltransferases/metabolism , Humans , Isomerism , MCF-7 Cells , Molecular ConformationABSTRACT
A wide variety of stabilized carbanions have been found to participate as nucleophiles in intramolecular Michael-type conjugate additions to in situ generated nitrosoalkenes to form bridged carbocyclic systems. The vinylnitroso platforms for these cyclizations have been prepared via two key steps involving ring-closing metathesis of vinyl chlorides and regioselective conversion of vinyl chlorides to α-chloroketones with sodium hypochlorite in glacial acetic acid/acetone. An alternative approach to preparation of some cyclization substrates has involved use of more reactive enol ethers as precursors to the requisite α-chloroketones. A sulfonamide anion has also been found to be an effective nucleophile in this type of reaction, leading to formation of a 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.
