A new analytical model for bond strength between corroded steel strand and concrete.

Degradation of bond strength due to corrosion of steel strands is of great importance for serviceability of prestressed concrete structures. An analytical model is proposed to demonstrate the effect of corrosion of steel strand on reduction of bond strength. Corrosion expansion force generated by steel strand corrosion before and after corrosion cracking is firstly estimated. Then, the reduced gripping effect of the concrete, change of friction coefficient between the corroded strand and reduction force on the bearing face are considered in calculating the pre-rib extrusion force. Finally, the enhancement of bond strength due to transverse confinement of stirrups is considered and the ultimate bond strength of corroded steel strand is calculated. Comparison of results between the prediction and experimental result shows the proposed model can be used to reasonably evaluate the bond strength. The prediction result of the bond strength model is affected by the degree of strand corrosion, but almost not by the drawing method.

Enhancing resource utilization: A novel method for effective separation of residual film and impurities in cotton fields.

This study addresses the challenge of incomplete separation of mechanically recovered residual films and impurities in cotton fields, examining their impact on resource utilization and environmental pollution. It introduces an innovative screening method that combines pneumatic force and mechanical vibration for processing crushed film residue mixtures. A double-action screening device integrating pneumatic force and a key-type vibrating screen was developed. The working characteristics of this device were analyzed to explore the dynamic characteristics and kinematic laws of the materials using theoretical analysis methods. This led to the revelation of the screening laws of residual films and impurities. Screening tests were conducted using the Central Composite Design method, considering factors such as fan outlet, fan speed, vibration frequency of the screen, and feeding amount, with the impurity-rate-in-film (Q) and film-content-in-impurity (W) as evaluation indexes. The significant influence of each factor on the indexes was determined, regression models between the test factors and indexes were established, and the effect laws of key parameters and their significant interaction terms on the indexes were interpreted. The optimal combination of working parameters for the screening device was identified through multivariable optimization methods. Validation tests under this optimal parameters combination showed that the impurity-rate-in-film was 3.08% and the film-content-in-impurity was 1.94%, with average errors between the test values and the predicted values of 3.36% and 5.98%, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. This research provides a novel method and technical reference for achieving effective separation of residual film and impurities, thereby enhancing resource utilization.

Lanthanide Doping into All-Inorganic Heterometallic Halide Layered Double Perovskite Nanocrystals for Multimodal Visible and Near-Infrared Emission.

The introduction of lanthanide ions (Ln3+) into all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskites has captured significant attention in optoelectronic applications. However, doping Ln3+ ions into heterometallic halide layered double perovskite (LDP) nanocrystals (NCs) and their associated doping mechanisms remain unexplored. Herein, we report the first colloidal synthesis of Ln3+ (Yb3+, Er3+)-doped LDP NCs utilizing a modified hot-injection method. The resulting NCs exhibit efficient near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence in both NIR-I and NIR-II regions, achieved through energy transfer down-conversion mechanisms. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Ln3+ dopants preferentially occupy the Sb3+ cation positions, resulting in a disruption of local site symmetry of the LDP lattices. By leveraging sensitizations of intermediate energy levels, we delved into a series of Ln3+-doped Cs4M(II)Sb2Cl12 (M(II): Cd2+ or Mn2+) LDP NCs via co-doping strategies. Remarkably, we observe a brightening effect of the predark states of Er3+ dopant in the Er3+-doped Cs4M(II)Sb2Cl12 LDP NCs owing to the Mn component acting as an intermediate energy bridge. This study not only advances our understanding of energy transfer mechanisms in doped NCs but also propels all-inorganic LDP NCs for a wider range of optoelectronic applications.

Indolo[3,2-b]indole-based multi-resonance emitters for efficient narrowband pure-green organic light-emitting diodes.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing multi-resonance (MR) emitters show great potential in ultrahigh-definition display benefitting from superior merits of MR emitters such as high color purity and photoluminescence quantum yields. However, the scarcity of narrowband pure-green MR emitters with novel backbones and facile synthesis has limited their further development. Herein, two novel pure-green MR emitters (IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN) are demonstrated via replacing the carbazole subunits in the bluish-green BCzBN skeleton with new polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) units, 5-phenyl-5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indole (IDID) and 5-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indole (tBuIDID), to simultaneously enlarge the π-conjugation and enhance the electron-donating strength. Consequently, a successful red shift from aquamarine to pure-green is realized for IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN with photoluminescence maxima peaking at 529 and 532 nm, along with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.25, 0.71) and (0.28, 0.70). Furthermore, both emitters revealed narrowband emission with small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) below 28 nm. Notably, the narrowband pure-green emission was effectively preserved in corresponding devices, which afford elevated maximum external quantum efficiencies of 16.3% and 18.3% for IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN.

Photoreduction of Aqueous Protons Coupling with Alcohol Oxidation on a S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst MnO/Carbon Nitride.

Crystalline carbon nitride (CCN), derived from amorphous polymeric CN, is considered as a new generation of metal-free photocatalyst because of its high crystallinity. In order to further promote the photocatalytic performance of CCN, p-type MnO nanoparticles are in situ synthesized and merged with n-type CCN through a one-pot process to form p-n heterojunction. The formed interfacial electric field between the semiconductors with different work functions efficiently breaks the coulomb interaction between MnO and CCN. The prepared catalysts exhibit drastically increased photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) activity integrated with oxidation of alkyl and aryl alcohols under irradiation of visible light. In the aqueous solution of benzyl alcohol (BzOH), the hydrogen generation rate over MnO/CCN (39.58 µmol h-1) is nearly 7 times and 37 times that of pure CCN (5.76 µmol h-1) and CN (1.06 µmol h-1), respectively, combining with oxidation of BzOH to benzaldehyde. This work proposes an avenue for in situ construction of a novel 2D material-based S-scheme heterojunction and extends its application in solar energy conservation and utilization.

Narrowband Near-Infrared Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters towards High-Performance and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are highly coveted for their high efficiency and narrowband emission in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nevertheless, the development of near-infrared (NIR) MR-TADF emitters remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we design two new NIR MR-TADF emitters, PXZ-R-BN and BCz-R-BN, by embedding 10H-phenoxazine (PXZ) and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (BCz) fragments to increase the electron-donating ability or extending π-conjugation on the framework of para-boron fusing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both compounds emit in the NIR region, with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 49 nm (0.13 eV) for PXZ-R-BN and 43 nm (0.11 eV) for BCz-R-BN in toluene. To sensitize the two NIR MR-TADF emitters in OLEDs, a new platinum complex, Pt-1, is designed as a sensitizer. The PXZ-R-BN-based sensitized OLEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of nearly 30 % with an emission band at 693 nm, and exceptional long operational stability with an LT97 (time to 97 % of the initial luminance) value of 39084 h at an initial radiance of 1000 mW sr-1 m-2 . The BCz-R-BN-based OLEDs reach EQEmax values of 24.2 % with an emission band at 713 nm, which sets a record value for NIR OLEDs with emission bands beyond 700 nm.

Experimental Study on Secondary Anchorage Bond Performance of Residual Stress after Corrosion Fracture at Ends of Prestressed Steel Strands.

In order to explore the secondary bond anchorage performance between prestressed tendons and concrete after the fracture of steel strands in post-tensioned, prestressed concrete (PPC) beams, a total of seven post-tensioned, prestressed concrete specimens with a size of 3 × 7ϕ15.2 mm were constructed firstly, and the steel strands at the anchorage end were subjected to corrosion fracture. Then, the pull-out test of the specimens was conducted to explore the secondary anchorage bond mechanism of the residual stress of prestressed tendons experiencing local fracture. Moreover, the influences of factors such as the embedded length, release-tensioning speed, concrete strength, and stirrup configuration on anchorage bond performance were analyzed. Finally, the test results were further verified via finite element analysis. The results show that the failure of pull-out specimens under different parameters can be divided into two types: bond anchorage failure induced by the entire pull-out of steel strands and material failure triggered by the rupture of steel strands. The bond anchorage failure mechanism between steel strands and the concrete was revealed by combining the failure characteristics and pull-out load-slippage relation curves. The bond strength between prestressed steel strands and concrete can be enhanced by increasing the embedded length of steel strands, elevating the concrete strength grade, and enlarging the diameter of stirrups so that the specimens are turned from bond anchorage failure into material failure.

Cooperative Thermal-Electric Field Control of Infrared Modulation Using a Vanadium Dioxide Film-Based Modulator.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) has garnered significant attention as a material for actively tunable infrared (IR) modulators due to its reversible and responsive modulation effect on IR radiation, which is accompanied by its intrinsic insulator-metal phase transition (IMT). Here, we propose a multilayer device structure that integrates VO2 film with microheater and interdigitated electrodes for cooperative thermal-electric field control of IMT. Our results demonstrate that while intense electric fields can trigger abrupt IMT, deep modulation of IR radiation requires energy integration through Joule heating, which limits the response time of IR transmission controlled by electric field. Thus, cooperative thermal-electric field control, which provides a constant, uniform temperature field while electrically switching the IMT, is more effective for achieving a faster response time and retaining the intrinsic modulation depth of VO2-based IR modulators. Our findings offer valuable insights for the development of VO2-based IR modulators with improved performance.

MOF-on-MOF-Derived Ultrafine Fe2P-Co2P Heterostructures for High-Efficiency and Durable Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers.

The alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) is considered to be a promising approach for large-scale industrial hydrogen production. Nevertheless, it is severely hampered by the inability to operate tolerable HER catalysts consistently under low overpotentials at ampere-level current densities. Here, we develop a universal ligand-exchange (MOF-on-MOF) modulation strategy to synthesize ultrafine Fe2P and Co2P nanoparticles, which are well anchored on N and P dual-doped carbon porous nanosheets (Fe2P-Co2P/NPC). In addition, benefiting from the downshift of the d-band center and the interfacial Co-P-Fe bridging, the electron-rich P site is triggered, which induces the redistribution of electron density and the swapping of active centers, lowering the energy barrier of the HER. As a result, the Fe2P-Co2P/NPC catalyst only requires a low overpotential of 175 mV to achieve a current density of 1000 mA cm-2. The solar-driven water electrolysis system presents a record-setting and stable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.36%. Crucially, the catalyst could stably operate at 1000 mA cm-2 over 1000 h in a practical AEMWE at an estimated cost of US$0.79 per kilogram of H2, which achieves the target (US$2 per kg of H2) set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

Development and Experiment of an Innovative Row-Controlled Device for Residual Film Collector to Drive Autonomously along the Ridge.

The field harvesting process of harvesting machinery is often affected by high workload and environmental factors that can impede/delay manual rowing, thereby leading to lower efficiency and quality in the residual film collector. To address this challenge, an automatic rowing control system using the 4mz-220d self-propelled residual film collector as the experimental carrier was proposed in this study. Cotton stalks in the ridges were chosen as the research object, and a comprehensive application of key technologies, machinery, and electronic control was used, thereby incorporating a pure tracking model as the path-tracking control method. To achieve the automatic rowing function during the field traveling process, the fuzzy control principle was implemented to adjust the forward distance within the pure tracking model dynamically, and the expected steering angle of the steering wheel was determined based on the kinematic model of the recovery machine. The MATLAB/Simulink software was utilized to simulate and analyze the proposed model, thus achieving significant improvements in the automation level of the residual film collector. The field harvesting tests showed that the average deviation of the manual rowing was 0.144 m, while the average deviation of the automatic rowing was 0.066 m. Moreover, the average lateral deviation of the automatic rowing was reduced by 0.078 m with a probability of deviation within 0.1 m of 95.71%. The research study demonstrated that the designed automatic rowing system exhibited high stability and robustness, thereby meeting the requirements of the autonomous rowing operations of residual film collectors. The results of this study can serve as a reference for future research on autonomous navigation technology in agriculture.

Insights into Fe-doping effect-induced heterostructure formation for the oxygen evolution reaction.

Fe-doping effect-induced heterostructure formation and charge redistribution in Fe-doped NiS were revealed significantly for boosting the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction.

Reconfigurable spin tunnel diodes by doping engineering VS2 monolayers.

We propose a reconfigurable spin tunnel diode based on a small spin-gapped semiconductor (non-doped VS2 monolayer) and semi-metallic magnets (doped VS2 monolayer) separated by a thin insulating tunneling barrier (h-BN). By using first-principles calculations assisted by the nonequilibrium Green's function method, we have carried out a comprehensive study of spin-dependent current and spin transport properties while varying the bias. The device exhibited a magnetization-controlled diode-like behavior with forward-allowed current under antiparallel magnetizations and reverse-forbidden current under parallel magnetizations at the two electrodes. The threshold voltage is tunable by the hole doping density of VS2 monolayers. The doping effect on VS2 monolayers indicates that the magnetic moments, the Heisenberg exchange parameters and Curie temperatures can be monotonically reduced by a larger hole doping density. Our study on VS2 heterostructures has presented a simple and practical device strategy with very promising applications in spintronics.

Type-I CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dot-Gold Heterostructural Nanocrystals for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation.

Developing Type-I core/shell quantum dots is of great importance toward fabricating stable and sustainable photocatalysts. However, the application of Type-I systems has been limited due to the strongly confined photogenerated charges by the energy barrier originating from the wide-bandgap shell material. In this project, we found that through the decoration of Au satellite-type domains on the surface of Type-I CdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots, such an energy barrier can be effectively overcome and an over 400-fold enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution rate was achieved compared to bare CdS/ZnS quantum dots. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies indicated that the charges can be effectively extracted and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecular substrates in a subpicosecond time scale in such hybrid nanocrystals. Based on density functional theory calculations, the ultrafast charge separation rates were ascribed to the formation of intermediate Au2S layer at the semiconductor-metal interface, which can successfully offset the energy confinement introduced by the ZnS shell. Our findings not only provide insightful understandings on charge carrier dynamics in semiconductor-metal heterostructural materials but also pave the way for the future design of quantum dot-based hybrid photocatalytic systems.

Precise modulation of multiple resonance emitters toward efficient electroluminescence with pure-red gamut for high-definition displays.

Multiple resonance (MR) compounds have garnered substantial attention for their prospective utility in wide color gamut displays. Nevertheless, developing red MR emitters with both high efficiency and saturated emission color remains demanding. We herein introduce a comprehensive strategy for spectral tuning in the red region by simultaneously regulating the π-conjugation and electron-donating strengths of a double boron-embedded MR skeleton while preserving narrowband characteristics. The proof-of-concept materials manifested emissions from orange-red to deep red, with bandwidths below 0.12 eV. The pure-red device based on CzIDBNO displayed superior color purity with CIE coordinates of (0.701, 0.298), approaching the Broadcast Television 2020 standard. In concert with high photoluminescence quantum yield and strong horizontal dipole orientation, CzIDBNO also achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 32.5% and a current efficiency of 20.2 cd A-1, outstripping prior reported organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with CIEx exceeding 0.68. These findings offer a roadmap for designing high-performance emitters with exceptional color purity for future OLED material research advancements.

Discrete Mononuclear Platinum(II) Complexes Realize High-Performance Red Phosphorescent OLEDs with EQEs of up to 31.8% and Superb Device Stability.

Designing mononuclear platinum(II) complexes that do not rely on intermolecular aggregation for high-performance red organic light-emitting diodes remains a formidable challenge. In this work, three robust red-emitting Pt(II) complexes are created by utilizing a rigid 4-coordination configuration, where the ligands are formed by linking electron-donor of triphenylamine (TPA) moieties with electron-acceptor of pyridine, isoquinoline, and/or δ-carboline units. The thermal stability, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of the complexes are thoroughly examined. The complexes display efficient red phosphorescence, with high photoluminescence quantum yields and short excited lifetimes. The OLEDs dope with these complexes exhibit high maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of up to 31.8% with minimal efficiency roll-off even at high brightness. Significantly, the devices demonstrate exceptional long operational lifetime, with a T90 lifetime of over 14000 h at initial luminance of 1000 cd m-2 , indicating the potential for these complexes to be practically utilizes.

Effect of Amphotericin B on the Thermodynamic Properties and Surface Morphology of the Pulmonary Surfactant Model Monolayer during Respiration.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of pulmonary fungal infection faced noteworthy challenges. Amphotericin B has shown promising therapeutic effects as an inhalation treatment for pulmonary fungal infections, especially those associated with the COVID-19 virus, due to its rare resistance. However, because the drug frequently produces renal toxicity, its effective dose is limited in clinical use. In this work, the DPPC/DPPG mixed monolayer was used as the pulmonary surfactant monolayer to study the interaction between amphotericin B and the pulmonary surfactant monolayer during inhalation therapy using the Langmuir technique and atomic force microscopy. The effects of different molar ratios of AmB on the thermodynamic properties and surface morphology of the pulmonary surfactant monolayer at different surface pressures was evaluated. The results showed that when the molar ratio of AmB to lipids in the pulmonary surfactant was less than 1:1, the main intermolecular force was attractive at a surface pressure greater than 10 mN/m. This drug had little effect on the phase transition point of the DPPC/DPPG monolayer, but decreased the height of the monolayer at 15 mN/m and 25 mN/m. When the molar ratio of AmB to lipids was greater than 1:1, the intermolecular force was mainly repulsive at a surface pressure greater than 15 mN/m, and AmB increased the height of the DPPC/DPPG monolayer at both 15 mN/m and 25 mN/m. These results are helpful in understanding the interaction between the pulmonary surfactant model monolayer and different doses of drugs at various surface tensions during respiration.

Effects of the speed on the webbed foot kinematics of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos).

In this study, the effect of the speed on the webbed foot locomotion of the mallard was analyzed based on a considerable number of reliable indoor test data. Four adult male mallards were selected for analysis, and the locomotion speed of the mallard was controlled using the treadmill at an accurate and adjustable speed. The locomotion pattern of the webbed foot of the mallard at different speeds was recorded using a high-speed camera. The changes in the position and conformation of the webbed foot during locomotion on a treadmill were tracked and analyzed using Simi-Motion kinematics software. The results indicated that the stride length of the mallard increased, and the stance phase duration was shortened with the increase of the speed, whereas the swing phase duration did not vary significantly. The duty factor decreased with the increase of the mallard speed but not drop below to 0.5, because the mallards flew with their wings, or moved backward relative to the treadmill with the further increase of the speed. Using the energy method to further distinguish gait, and through the percentage of congruity analysis, it was found that between 0.73 and 0.93 m/s, the gait experienced a transition from walking to grounded running, with no significant changes in spatiotemporal parameters. At speeds between 0.93 and 1.6 m/s, mallards adopt a grounded running gait. The instantaneous changes of the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint (TMTPJ) angle and the intertarsal joint (ITJ) angle at touch-down, mid-stance and lift-off concomitant with the change of the speed were examined with the TMTPJ and ITJ angle as the research objects. Moreover, the continuous changes of the joint angles were examined in a complete stride cycle. The result indicated that the increase of the speed will also make the TMTPJ and ITJ angle change ahead of time in a stride cycle, proving the shortened stance phase duration. The ITJ angle changed much more than the TMTPJ. Thus, the above result reveals that the mallard primarily responds with the increase of the speed by adjusting the ITJ, instead of the TMTPJ. The vertical displacement of the toe joint points and the toe joint angle was studied (α joint angle is between the second toe and the third toe; ß joint angle is between the third toe and the fourth toe) with a complete stride cycle as the research object. The distal phalanxes of the second, third and fourth toes first contacted the ground, and the proximal phalanx touched the ground in turn during the early stance phase duration of the mallard, as indicated by the result of this study. However, the toes got off the ground in turn from the proximal phalanxes when the mallard foot got off the ground. With the decrease of the interphalangeal α and ß joint angles, the foot web tended to be close and rapidly recovered before the next touch-down. The above result reveals that the webbed foot of the mallard is a coupling system that plays a role in the adjustment of speed.

Effect of Trastuzumab on the thermodynamic behavior and roughness of fluid membrane using unsaturated phospholipid/cholesterol mixed monolayer model.

The microenvironment near the receptor on biological membrane plays an important role in regulating drug-receptor interaction, and the interaction between drugs and lipids on membrane can also affect the microenvironment of membrane, which may affect drugs' efficacy or cause the drug resistance. Trastuzumab (Tmab) is a monoclonal antibody, used to treat early breast cancer associated with the overexpression of Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2). But its effectiveness is limited due to its tendency to make tumor cells resistant to the drug. In this work, the monolayer mixed by unsaturated phospholipids (DOPC, DOPE and DOPS) and cholesterol were used as a model to simulate the fluid membrane region on biological membrane. The phospholipid/cholesterol mixed monolayers in molar ratio 7:3 and 1:1, were respectively used to simulate the one layer of simplified normal cell membrane and tumor cell membrane. The influence of this drug on the phase behavior, elastic modulus, intermolecular force, relaxation and the surface roughness of the unsaturated phospholipid/cholesterol monolayer was investigated. The results show that at 30 mN/m the increase or decrease of the elastic modulus and surface roughness of the mixed monolayer caused by Tamb depends on the type of phospholipid, but the intensity of the effect depends on the content of cholesterol, and the intensity of influence is more significant at the presence of 50% cholesterol. However, the effect of Tmab on the ordering of the DOPC/cholesterol or DOPS/cholesterol mixed monolayer is stronger when the content of cholesterol is 30%, but it was stronger for the DOPE/cholesterol mixed monolayer when the content of cholesterol is 50%. This study is helpful to understand the effects of anticancer drugs on microenvironment of cell membrane, and it has a certain reference value for the design of drug delivery system and drug target identification.

A wearable electrochemical fabric for cytokine monitoring.

Wearable biosensors monitoring various biomarkers in sweat provide comprehensive and prompt profiling of health states at molecular levels. Cytokines existed in sweat with trace amounts play an important role in cellular activity modulation. Unfortunately, flexible and wearable biosensors for cytokine monitoring have not yet been achieved due to the limitation of membrane-based structure and sensing strategy. Herein, we develop a novel electrochemical fabric based on aptamer-functionalized carbon nanotube/graphene fibers for real-time and in situ monitoring of IL-6, a paramount cytokine biomarker for inflammation and cancer. This fabric system possesses flexibility, anti-fatigue ability and breathability for wearable applications and can apply to different body parts in various forms. Moreover, the electrochemical fabric can track other biomarkers by replacing the coupling aptamer, serving as a universal platform for sweat analysis. This fabric-based platform holds the potential to facilitate an intelligent and personalized health monitoring approach.

Realigning the melon chains in carbon nitride by rubidium ions to promote photo-reductive activities for hydrogen evolution and environmental remediation.

The photocatalytic efficiency of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) suffers from unsatisfactory charge separation because of its amorphous structure. Herein, we report a simple bottom-up method to synthesize a novel structure of rubidium ion inserted PCN (Rb-PCN), which involves the regular alignment of melon chains to endow a crystalline feature in PCN. The insertion of Rb+ decreased not only the N p electrons in the heptazine ring but also the plane angle of the heptazine motifs in the melon chain, which promoted the long-range periodicity and crystallinity of carbon nitride. This structurally rearranged crystalline Rb-PCN demonstrated considerably enhanced separation of charge carriers, resulting in six-fold higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than its amorphous counterpart. Furthermore, the photoexcited electrons can be efficiently trapped by O2 to generate H2O2, which facilitates the production of reactive oxygen species to inactivate bacteria and degrade organic pollutants, showing great potential for use in both energy and environmental applications.