[Pituitary Crooke cell neuroendocrine tumor of adrenocorticotropic hormone differentiation-specific transcription factor lineage: a clinicopathological analysis of six cases].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of Crooke cell tumor of adrenocorticotropic hormone differentiation specific transcription factor (TPIT, also known as transcription factor 19, TBX19) lineage neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: Six cases of Crooke cell tumor diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China from October 2019 to October 2023 were collected. The clinical and pathological features of these cases were analyzed. Results: Among the six cases, one was male and five were female, with ages ranging from 26 to 75 years, and an average age of 44 years. All tumors occurred within the sella turcica. Clinical presentations included visual impairment in two cases, menstrual disorders in one case, Cushing's syndrome in one case, headache in one case, and one asymptomatic case discovered during a physical examination. Preoperative serum analyses revealed elevated levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormones in two cases, elevated cortisol in two cases, elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone in one case, and one case with a mild increase in prolactin due to the pituitary stalk effect. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed uneven enhancement of masses with maximum diameters ranging from 1.7 to 3.2 cm, all identified as macroadenomas. Microscopically, tumor cells exhibited irregular polygonal shapes, solid sheets, or pseudo-papillary arrangements around blood vessels. The cell nuclei were eccentric or centrally located, varying in size, with abundant cytoplasm. Some tumor cells showed perinuclear halo. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse strong positivity for TPIT in five cases, focal weak positivity for TPIT in one case, diffuse strong positivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone in all cases, and faint staining around the nuclei in a few cells. CK8/18 showed a strong positive ring pattern in more than 50% of tumor cells, focal weak positive expression of p53, and the Ki-67 positive index ranged 1%-5%. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed positive cytoplasm and negative perinuclear areas. Conclusions: Crooke cell tumor is a rare type of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Its pathological characteristics include a distinctive perinuclear clear zone and immunohistochemical markers, such as CK8/18 exhibiting a ring or halo pattern. This entity represents a high-risk subtype among pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, displaying a high risk of invasion and a propensity for recurrence. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for the postoperative follow-up and multimodal treatment planning.

[Patient-derived parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma organoid model and its preliminary histological and functional characterization].

Objective: To establish patient-derived organoid models of pleomorphic adenomas (PA) of the parotid gland and preliminarily characterize their histology, related biomarkers and functions. Methods: Fresh tumor tissue specimens were collected from surgical procedures of Oral and Maxillofacial Department. The harvested tissues were processed and cultured in a head and neck tumor organoid culture system to establish organoid models from parotid gland pleomorphic adenomas. The in vitro growth of PA organoids was recorded by light microscopy. The successfully established organoids were passaged and cryopreserved, and the cryopreserved PA organoids were revived and re-cultured to observe their viability and organoid regeneration ability. Histological characterization, as well as characterization and detection of related markers and functional proteins, were performed on the organoids, comparing them with the patient-derived tissues. Results: The constructed organoid model of pleomorphic adenoma exhibited a dense and compact three-dimensional spherical structure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated morphological similarities between the organoid and its tissue of origin. Immunohistochemistry showed positive cytoplasmic staining for Calponin, cytokeratin 7, and epithelial membrane antigen in both the organoid and the source tumor tissue, suggesting consistent histopathological characteristics between the organoid and its tissue of origin. Periodic acid-Schiff staining of the organoid showed positive staining for glycogen, with positive staining located in the interior and periphery of the organoid, indicating that the organoid possessed secretory functions like the salivary gland. Conclusions: This study successfully constructed organoids of pleomorphic adenoma derived from patient samples. This model faithfully replicates the tissue morphology and biomarkers of the source tissue and exhibits biological functions associated with mucus secretion. It serves as a valuable in vitro model for studying the development and progression of salivary gland tumors.

High-throughput sequencing reveals the molecular mechanisms determining the stay-green characteristic in soybeans.

Senescence is an internally systematized degeneration process leading to death in plants. Leaf yellowing, one of the most prominent features of plant aging may lead to reduced crop yields. The molecular mechanism of responses to senescence in soybean leaves is not completely clear. In our research, two soybean varieties were selected with different stay-green traits: stay-green variety (BN106) and non-stay-green variety (KF14). RNA samples extracted from the leaves of two varieties were sequenced and compared using high-throughput sequencing. Six key enzyme genes in chlorophyll degradation pathways were studied to analyze the changes in their expression at seedling, flowering and maturation stage. Meanwhile, the construction of the genetic transformation process had been constructed to identify the function of putative gene by RNA-interference. A total of 4329 DEGs were involved in 52 functional groups and 254 KEGG pathways. Twelve genes encoding senescence-associated and inducible chloroplast stay-green protein showed significant differential expression. MDCase and PAO have a significant expression in BN106 that may be the key factors affecting the maintenance of green characteristics. In addition, the function of GmSGRs has been identified by genetic transformation. The loss of GmSGRs may cause soybean seeds to change from yellow to green. In summary, our results revealed fundamental information about the molecular mechanism of aging in soybeans with different stay-green characteristics. The work of genetic transformation lays a foundation for putative gene function studies that could contribute to postpone aging in soybeans.

Learning Invariant Representations from EEG via Adversarial Inference.

Discovering and exploiting shared, invariant neural activity in electroencephalogram (EEG) based classification tasks is of significant interest for generalizability of decoding models across subjects or EEG recording sessions. While deep neural networks are recently emerging as generic EEG feature extractors, this transfer learning aspect usually relies on the prior assumption that deep networks naturally behave as subject- (or session-) invariant EEG feature extractors. We propose a further step towards invariance of EEG deep learning frameworks in a systemic way during model training. We introduce an adversarial inference approach to learn representations that are invariant to inter-subject variabilities within a discriminative setting. We perform experimental studies using a publicly available motor imagery EEG dataset, and state-of-the-art convolutional neural network based EEG decoding models within the proposed adversarial learning framework. We present our results in cross-subject model transfer scenarios, demonstrate neurophysiological interpretations of the learned networks, and discuss potential insights offered by adversarial inference to the growing field of deep learning for EEG.

[The stimulation of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells by cigarette smoke extract contributed to cell senescence and induced human pulmonary artery smooth cell migration].

Objective: To observe the senescent effect of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAEC) stimulated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and the effect of secretion of senescent cells on human pulmonary arterial smooth muscles cell (HPASMC) proliferation and migration. Methods: HPAEC was treated with different concentrations of CSE in vitro and cell proliferation was determined by CCK8, senescence cells analyzed by detecting the ß-gal activity, and the senescent proteins of cells measured by Western blot. The concentration of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) was detected by ELISA and the expression of MCP-1 and TGF-ß1 was measured by Real-time PCR. The number of the proliferated cells was measured by Transwell assay and immunoflurescence. Results: The HPAEC was aging with the stimulation concentration of CSE increasing and the stimulation time prolonging (P<0.05). Western blot indicated that the senescent associated protein p53 or p21 increased markedly after 48 h and 72 h CSE-exposure (n=3, P<0.05). The SA-ß-Gal staining showed that the number of senescent cells increased as the exposure time prolonged. Compared with the control group, cell viability of 48 h group(1.8±0.1) and 72 h group (1.8±0.1) decreased significantly. The flow cytometry showed a significant difference between the CSE group(14.1±1.2) and the control group(28.5±1.8) in S phase(P<0.01), indicating cell cycle arrest. The SASP was increasing as the CSE-exposure prolonged. Compared with the control group(177±39), the 48 h group(460±43) and the 72 h group(609±64) showed a marked increase in MCP-1(P<0.05). For TGF-ß1, it had a same tendency and a significant difference between the control group(121±18) and the 48 h group(413±32) or 72 h group(606±67, both P<0.05). In the meantime, the bFGF increased after 48 h stimulation(291±13, P<0.05). Besides MCP-1, TGF-ß1 showed a significant difference between the control group and the 72 h CSE-exposure group (P<0.01). Premature cells could secrete SASP which induced HPASMC proliferation. After different times of conditioned medium stimulation, HPASMC proliferated especially at 72 h(P<0.05) . The immnoflorescence and Transwell assay confirmed this finding. Conclusion: CSE could induce senescence of HPAEC and SASP production which improved HPASMC proliferation and migration.

Association between histopathological subtype, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung adenocarcinoma.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between histopathological subtypes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). The cases of 97 patients with lung ADC who underwent 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography prior to surgical resection were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were stratified according to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) classification, and graded using a histopathological scoring system. EGFR mutations were identified. Clinicopathological characteristics associated with EGFR mutation status were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. EGFR mutation was identified in 45.4% of the patients and was associated with gender, smoking history, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and histopathological score. ADC patients with a low SUVmax were more likely to exhibit EGFR mutations compared with patients with a high SUVmax (P=0.018). Patients with a lower histopathological score possessed a significantly lower SUVmax compared with patients with a higher score (P<0.001). Furthermore, the histopathological score and smoking history of the patients were identified to be independent predictors for EGFR mutations, according to multivariate logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, SUVmax and EGFR mutations were associated with lung ADC patients stratified according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Overall, SUVmax has the potential to be a useful marker in stratifying pre-operative patients with lung ADC and identifying EGFR mutations.

Upregulation of microRNA-23a regulates proliferation and apoptosis by targeting APAF-1 in laryngeal carcinoma.

MicroRNA-23a (miR-23a) is a potential biomarker for laryngeal cancer. Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) was recently demonstrated to be a target of miR-23a. However, whether miR-23a exerts its effects via APAF-1 in laryngeal cancer, remains unknown. In the present study, miR-23a expression was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). APAF-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were assayed by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. Binding of miR-23a to APAF-1 was monitored by a luciferase reporter assay. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies were performed in order to investigate the roles of miR-23a and APAF-1 in Hep2 cell proliferation and apoptosis. miR-23a and APAF-1 were found to be significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in laryngeal cancer tissues, and there was a significant negative correlation between APAF-1 and miR-23a expression. The results of the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-23a bound directly to the APAF-1 mRNA 3'-untranslated region. Ectopic expression of miR-23a and knockdown of APAF-1 significantly promoted cell proliferation and colony formation, and inhibited early apoptosis in Hep2 cells. In conclusion, miR-23a acts as an oncogenic regulator in laryngeal carcinoma by directly targeting APAF-1, and may be a useful biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.

Arginine kinase expression and localization in growth cone migration.

Migrating neuronal growth cones exert traction forces that are generated by ATP-driven F-actin/myosin interactions. Sustained generation of these forces may require an energy supply mediated by the guanidino kinases, creatine kinase and arginine kinase. We cloned and sequenced grasshopper arginine kinase and examined its expression during embryogenesis and its subcellular localization in vivo and in vitro. During the first half of embryogenesis, arginine kinase is expressed selectively in a small percentage of ectodermal cells (dorsal closure cells), in a small percentage of mesodermal cells (muscle pioneers), and throughout the developing CNS. Most of these cell types are motile, including nascent neurons, muscle pioneers, dorsal closure cells, and many CNS glia. Neuroblasts also strongly express arginine kinase; they are nonmotile but are undergoing repeated rounds of (ATP-dependent) mitosis. Arginine kinase is colocalized with F-actin in a narrow band along the leading edges of lamellipodia of migrating glia. In neurons undergoing axonogenesis, arginine kinase is concentrated in growth cones and extends to the tips of filopodia. The amount of arginine kinase varies widely between growth cones, even between different growth cones of the same neuron. Energy for growth cone migration appears to be mobilized by (1) selective expression of arginine kinase by neurons, (2) localization of arginine kinase within growth cones, and (3) concentration of arginine kinase within specific growth cones, depending on the traction forces being generated. Mobilization of guanidino kinases may participate in the selective growth of specific growth cones.

Drosophila nerve cord culture: a tool for studying neural development.

The culture of explanted neural tissues has been a useful tool for the study of cellular and molecular neurobiology in vertebrates. We have developed a technique for the culture of explanted ventral nerve cords from Drosophila embryos. We have examined the morphology and dynamic behaviour of the growth cones that extend from these nerve cords, and the effect of calcium deprivation on the bundling of axons that are regenerated from the explanted tissue. This technique offers a unique opportunity to combine in vitro techniques for neuronal cell culture with the powerful techniques of genetic analysis that are available with Drosophila.

Effects of thiofedrine on platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in rats.

Thiofedrine inhibited rat platelet aggregation and intraplatelet thromboxane B2 (TxB2) generation induced by arachidonic acid. The IC50 values were 0.18 and 0.21 mmol/l, respectively. Thiofedrine, 1.25-5.00 mg/kg i.v., showed a significant inhibition of rat platelet aggregation and intraplatelet TxB2 generation induced by arachidonic acid, with ID50 values of 2.4 and 3.3 mg/kg. Thiofedrine, 0.5-2.0 mg/kg i.v., reduced TxB2 generation but increased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha formation in rat plasma.

Subdomains of the octopine synthase upstream activating element direct cell-specific expression in transgenic tobacco plants.

Previous work has shown that the octopine synthase (ocs) gene encoded by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid contains an upstream activating sequence necessary for its expression in plant cells. This sequence is composed of an essential 16-bp palindrome and flanking sequences that modulate the level of expression of the ocs promoter in transgenic tobacco calli. In this study, we have used RNA gel blot analysis of RNA extracted from transgenic tobacco plants to show that the octopine synthase gene is not constitutively expressed in all plant tissues and organs. This tissue-specific pattern of expression is determined, to a large extent, by the 16-bp palindrome. Histochemical analysis, using an ocs-lacZ fusion gene, has indicated that the 16-bp palindrome directs the expression of the ocs promoter in specific cell types in the leaves, stems, and roots of transgenic tobacco plants. This expression is especially strong in the vascular tissue of the leaves, leaf mesophyll cells, leaf and stem guard cells, and the meristematic regions of the shoots and roots. Sequences surrounding the palindrome in the upstream activating sequence restrict the expression of the ocs promoter to fewer cell types, resulting in a reduced level of expression of beta-galactosidase activity in the central vascular tissue of leaves, certain types of leaf trichomes, and the leaf primordia.

Renal metastases of choriocarcinoma. A clinicopathological study of 31 cases.

From 1949 through 1978, 31 patients with renal metastasis were diagnosed in a total of 448 cases of choriocarcinoma admitted to our hospital, giving an incidence of 6.9%. Renal metastasis was invariably preceded by pulmonary metastases and usually accompanied by other visceral metastases, indicating that renal metastasis is the result of dissemination of tumor cells secondarily from lung metastasis through the general circulation and should be categorized as arterial metastasis. Pyelogram is useful in the presence of medullary invasion by the tumor. Renal metastatic tumors are very sensitive to chemotherapy. Good response to chemical agents may be due to high drug concentration attained in the kidney tissue during excretion. Since successful treatment of renal metastasis by chemotherapy alone may be obtained, patients can be spared a major operation without jeopardizing the prognosis.

[Antifertility effect of the implant containing 16-methylene-17 alpha-acetoxy-19-norprogesterone (ST-1435)].

The silastic capsules containing ST-1435 (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 mg) showed "burst effect" with a peak value of 4-15 micrograms.h-1 after incubation in vitro. A constant release rate was gradually approached within 1-2 wk. After the capsules were subcutaneous implanted or vaginally administrated, the rats manifested diestrus within 24-48 h. The normal estrus cycles and fertility were restored as soon as the release rate of implants decreased to 10 micrograms.d-1 in vitro. ST-1435 did not inhibit the superovulation induced by PMSG and HCG in immature female rats, but blocked the ovulation induced by LHRH in mature rats.

[Atypical choriocarcinoma. Analysis of 3 cases].

Atypical choriocarcinoma is a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease and only 3 cases were diagnosed among a total of 696 patients with choriocarcinoma admitted to our hospital from 1949 through 1985. Atypical choriocarcinomas different from the regular choriocarcinoma in both histopathology and clinical manifestations. Morphologically, the tumor cells are predominantly cytotrophoblasts and clinically, the hCG titer is very low which is undetectable by routine biological or immunologic assays. Therefore, it is not infrequently misdiagnosed as sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma or clear cell carcinoma of the uterus. A comprehensive review of the past history and clinical manifestations is most essential to obtain a correct diagnosis.

Clinical significance of hysterography in the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma and invasive mole.

From 1963 through 1988, a total of 194 hysterographies were performed for 111 patients. Three types of abnormalities were observed on the hysterogram: filling defect, intramural invasion of the uterine wall by the contrast medium; and intravasation of the contrast medium into the pelvic veins. The pathology and clinical significance of three types of abnormalities were studied. The results showed that hysterography demonstrated better images than pelvic arteriography and B-scan for the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma and invasive mole, especially when combined with B-scan/or pelvic arteriography, a greater accuracy was achieved.