Development of the near-infrared fluorescence probe for detection of ONOO- and its application in vitro and vivo.

Diabetes has become one of the most common endocrine and metabolic diseases threatening human health, which can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and exacerbate the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among them, ONOO- level fluctuation was closely related to diabetes. Hence, it is of great significance to develop a near-infrared fluorescence probe for visualizing ONOO- level fluctuations in diabetes. In this paper, we constructed a fluorescence probe YBL with dicyano-isophorone derivative as fluorophore and diphenyl phosphate as ONOO- response site, which can detect ONOO- with the low detection limit (39.8 nM) and exhibit excellent selectivity and sensitivity. The probe YBL has been applied to monitor intracellular ONOO- level fluctuations. Meanwhile, the image results showed that high sugar promoted the increase of ONOO- level in cells. More important, the probe YBL can be used for imaging in mice, and the results showed that content of ONOO- was increased in diabetic mice. Therefore, the probe YBL provided a tool for understanding diabetes progression by imaging ONOO-.

A fluorescence probe with targeted mitochondria for detecting hydrogen peroxide in vitro and in diabetic mice.

We designed and prepared probe W-1 for the detection of H2O2. W-1 showed excellent selectivity for H2O2 and was accompanied by colorimetric signal changes. The excellent linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and H2O2 concentration (0-100 µM) provided favorable conditions for its quantitative detection. In addition, the combination of portable test strips with a smartphone platform provided great convenience for on-site visual detection of H2O2. Moreover, W-1 possessed targeting mitochondria property and could be applied to image the exogenous and endogenous H2O2 in cells to distinguish normal cells and cancer cells. Lastly, W-1 was used for monitoring the H2O2 fluctuation of the diabetic process in mice, and the results showed an increase in H2O2 levels in diabetes. Therefore, the probe provided a tool for understanding the pathological and physiological mechanisms of diabetes by imaging H2O2.

The highly selective and sensitive fluorescence probe for detection of copper (II) ions and its bioimaging in vitro and vivo.

We designed and developed the probe W-3 for detection of Cu2+. The results showed probe can selectively detect Cu2+, accompanied by noticeable color change. The probe can detect the Cu2+ in water samples and drinks based on absorption detection. In addition, the combination of portable test paper and the smartphone platform obtained great convenience for on-site and visual detection of Cu2+, with satisfactory sensitivity and reliability. More importantly, the fluorescence probe W-3 can be used for the detection of Cu2+ in cells and mice. Therefore, the W-3 provided potential chemical tools for detecting Cu2+ in vitro and vivo.

Multifunctional fluorescence probe for simultaneous detection of viscosity, polarity, and ONOO- and its bioimaging in vitro and vivo.

Intracellular microenvironment (viscosity and polarity) and peroxynitrite ions (ONOO-) are involved in maintaining cell morphology, cell function, and signaling so that it is crucial to explore their level changes in vitro and vivo. In this work, we designed and synthesized a mitochondria-targeted fluorescence probe XBL for monitoring the dynamic changes of viscosity, polarity, and ONOO- based on TICT and ICT mechanism. The fluorescence spectra showed obvious changes for polarity at 500 nm as well as ONOO- and viscosity at 660 nm, respectively. The XBL can image simultaneously viscosity, polarity, and ONOO- in cells, and the results showed excess ONOO- leaded to the increase of viscosity in mitochondrial. The ferroptosis process was accompanied by increase of intracellular viscosity and ONOO- levels (or decrease of polarity), which allowed us to better understand the relevant physiological and pathological processes. The XBL can distinguish normal cells and cancerous cells by the fluorescence intensity changes in green and red channels, and image viscosity in inflamed mice. Thus, XBL can provided the chemical tool to understand the physiological and pathological mechanisms of disease by simultaneous detection of viscosity, polarity and ONOO-.

Two curcumin analogs inhibited the function and protein expression of breast cancer resistance protein: in vitro and in vivo studies.

1. Two curcumin analogs, (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(3,5-diethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5- dione (N17) and its prodrug ((1E,6E)-3,5-dioxohepta-1,6-diene-1,7-diyl)bis(2,6-diethyl-4,1- phenylene)bis(3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoate) (N17'), were evaluated as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitors.2. MDCKII-BCRP and MDCKII-WT were used to evaluate the modulation effects of N17 and N17' on BCRP and to explore the relevant mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered rosuvastatin (ROS), a probe substrate of BCRP, without and with N17' (100 mg/kg) to investigate the effect of N17' on ROS pharmacokinetics.3. In cell studies, N17 and N17' were substrates of BCRP, and they decreased the activity and protein expression of BCRP. In rat study, N17' increased the systemic exposure of ROS by 218% (p = 0.058).4. N17 and N17' are potential BCRP inhibitors and will be promising candidates for overcoming the BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance.

Identification of a novel HIV-1 second-generation circulating recombinant form (CRF136_0107) among MSM in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Heilongjiang, China, and try to spot signs of new circulating recombinant form (CRF) in this region. DESIGN: A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in Heilongjiang, China during 2011-2020. METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from three HIV-1-positive patients (two MSM and one man lacking risk factor information). The near full-length genome sequences (NFLGs) of a novel CRF were then obtained and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using Mega 7.0.26. Recombination analysis was performed by the jumping profile Hidden Markov Model (jpHMM). Finally, the origin time of this novel CRF was inferred using the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis in Beast v1.10.4. RESULTS: The three NFLGs formed a distinct monophyletic cluster in the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. Recombination analysis revealed that the recombinant genome was composed of five segments derived from CRF01_AE, subtypes B, and C, but further confirmed to be a second-generation recombinant form of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC by a comparison of genome maps and subregion phylogenetic analysis and, therefore, designated as CRF136_0107. With Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, CRF136_0107 was estimated to originate around 2010-2011. CONCLUSION: A novel HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC second-generation CRF called CRF136_0107 was identified among MSM in Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China.

Upregulation of APAF1 and CSF1R in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Parkinson's Disease.

Increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, the expression levels of 52 genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the discovery cohort including 48 PD patients and 25 healthy controls. Four genes, including ALDH1A, APAF1, CR1, and CSF1R, were found to be upregulated in PD patients. The expression patterns of these genes were validated in a second cohort of 101 PD patients and 61 healthy controls. The results confirmed the upregulation of APAF1 (PD: 0.34 ± 0.18, control: 0.26 ± 0.11, p < 0.001) and CSF1R (PD: 0.38 ± 0.12, control: 0.33 ± 0.10, p = 0.005) in PD patients. The expression level of APAF1 was correlated with the scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS, r = 0.235, p = 0.018) and 39-item PD questionnaire (PDQ-39, r = 0.250, p = 0.012). The expression level of CSF1R was negatively correlated with the scores of the mini-mental status examination (MMSE, r = -0.200, p = 0.047) and Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA, r = -0.226, p = 0.023). These results highly suggest that oxidative stress biomarkers in peripheral blood may be useful in monitoring the progression of motor disabilities and cognitive decline in PD patients.

Survey of factors related to diabetic foot pruritus in the elderly in Shanghai.

The objective of the study is to explore the status quo of foot pruritus and related factors in elderly diabetics and provide a reference for targeted preventive measures. The study involved a survey using a self-designed foot pruritus assessment scale to understand the status quo of foot pruritus among 411 cases of elderly diabetics from 5 communities in Shanghai. The morbidity rate of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics in the community was 20.1%. Good self-management behaviour was the protective factor, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, and dry skin were risk factors (all P < 0.05). The incidence of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics was high and influenced by several factors. We recommend that self-management behaviour of patients be improved. Additionally, screening and interventions to address hyperlipidemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and dry skin should be conducted regularly to prevent diabetic foot ulcers.

Young MSM changed temporal HIV-1 epidemic pattern in Heilongjiang Province, China.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in China is featured by geographical diversity of epidemic patterns. Understanding the characteristics of regional HIV-1 epidemic allows carrying out targeted prevention and controlling measures. This seven-year cross-sectional study was conducted in Heilongjiang, one province of Northeast China, where newly diagnosed infection is fast increasing yearly, but temporal HIV-1 epidemic trend is largely unknown. Methods: Information of 1,006 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected participants were collected before antiretroviral therapy during 2010-2016 in Heilongjiang province. HIV-1 genotype was identified based on the viral gag and env gene sequences. Recent infection was determined by Limiting-Antigen Avidity assays. Comparison analyses on the median ages, CD4 counts, proportions of stratified age groups and CD4 count groups, and rates of recent HIV-1 infection among different population and sampling times were performed to understand temporal HIV-1 epidemic features. Results: Homosexual contact among men who have sex with men (MSM) was the main transmission route and CRF01_AE was the most dominant HIV-1 genotype. During 2010-2016, the HIV-1 epidemic showed three new changes: the median age continued to decline, the cases with a CD4 count more than 500 cells/µl (CD4hi cases) disproportionally expanded, and the recent HIV-1 infection rate steadily increased. MSM cases determined the temporal trend of HIV-1 epidemic here. Increase of young MSM cases (aged <30 years) made the main contribution to the younger age trend of MSM cases. These young MSM exhibited a higher median CD4 count, a higher proportion of CD4hi cases, and a higher rate of recent HIV-1 infection than cases aged 30 years and more. MSM infected by CRF01_AE virus mostly affected HIV-1 epidemic patterns among MSM population. Conclusion: Young MSM have become a new hotspot and vulnerable group for HIV-1 transmission in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. The rapid increase in the number of young MSM cases, mainly those with CRF01_AE infection, changed temporal HIV-1 epidemic pattern here. Measures for prevention and control of HIV-1 infection among this population are urgently needed in the future.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazinone derivatives as PI3K/HDAC dual inhibitors.

PI3Ks and HDACs play essential roles in the occurrence and progression of leukemia. Herein, a series of novel pyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives were rationally designed and synthesized as novel dual PI3K and HDAC inhibitors based on scaffold replacement and heterozygous strategies. Most of the target compounds showed potent inhibitory potency to PI3Kα and HDAC6. Especially, compound 9q displayed PI3Kα and HDAC6 inhibitory with IC50 values of 372 nM and 4.5 nM, and anti-proliferative activity against MV4-11 cells with IC50 value of 0.093 ± 0.012 µM. Further mechanistic studies revealed that 9q induced apoptosis, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, promoted the acetylation of α-tubulin, and blocked the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal way in MV4-11 cells. All the results demonstrated that 9q was a promising lead candidate for further development of novel PI3K/HDAC dual inhibitors for leukemia treatment.

Evaluating the Different Stages of Parkinson's Disease Using Electroencephalography With Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis.

Electroencephalography (EEG) can reveal the abnormalities of dopaminergic subcortico-cortical circuits in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, conventional time-frequency analysis of EEG signals cannot fully reveal the non-linear processes of neural activities and interactions. A novel Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HHSA) was applied to reveal non-linear features of resting state EEG in 99 PD patients and 59 healthy controls (HCs). PD patients demonstrated a reduction of ß bands in frontal and central regions, and reduction of γ bands in central, parietal, and temporal regions. Compared with early-stage PD patients, late-stage PD patients demonstrated reduction of ß bands in the posterior central region, and increased θ and δ2 bands in the left parietal region. θ and ß bands in all brain regions were positively correlated with Hamilton depression rating scale scores. Machine learning algorithms using three prioritized HHSA features demonstrated "Bag" with the best accuracy of 0.90, followed by "LogitBoost" with an accuracy of 0.89. Our findings strengthen the application of HHSA to reveal high-dimensional frequency features in EEG signals of PD patients. The EEG characteristics extracted by HHSA are important markers for the identification of depression severity and diagnosis of PD.

[Value of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Parameters in Evaluating K-W Nodule Formation in Diabetic Nephropathy].

Objective To discuss the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)parameters in evaluating the formation of Kimmelstiel-Wilson(K-W)nodules in diabetic nephropathy(DN).Methods Sixty-two patients pathologically diagnosed with DN and undergoing CEUS in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from March 2017 to January 2020 were assigned into two groups according to whether K-W nodules were formed.The cortical CEUS parameters and the ratios of cortical to medullary CEUS parameters were compared between the two groups.Results The 62 patients included 19 patients without K-W nodules(group A)and 43 patients with K-W nodules(group B).The median rise time(U=209,P=0.013)and fall time(U=197,P=0.007)in group B were significantly longer than those in group A.The median wash-in rate(WiR)(U=228,P=0.031)and wash-out rate(WoR)(U=229,P=0.032)in group B were significantly lower than those in group A.The median peak enhancement(PE)1/PE2(U=224,P=0.026),WiR1/WiR2(U=235,P=0.041),and WoR1/WoR2(U=230,P=0.043)ratios in group B were significantly lower than those in group A.The median FT1/FT2 ratio in group B was significantly higher than that in group A(U=227,P=0.038).Conclusion CEUS parameters can be used to quantitatively evaluate renal cortical microperfusion in DN patients with K-W nodules.

Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology.

Illicit drug use has long been a key issue of international concern, and the true situation is unknown to the relevant authorities. To develop a profile of comprehensive consumption patterns of illicit drugs in China, data from 34 wastewater treatment plants in 25 cities were collected to analyze four classes of drugs, including amphetamine-type stimulants, opioids, ketamine, and cocaine. They were identified and quantified in samples using methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. According to the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach, an analysis of the consumption pattern was performed regarding per inhabitant consumption based on the revised metabolic rate. The consumption quantity of illicit drug and precursor was divided into four categories based on statistical difference analyses: methamphetamine and ephedrine (precursor) were the predominant drugs in the first category, followed by ketamine and heroin in the second category, methcathinone and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the third category, and cocaine and methadone in the fourth category. There were distinctive spatial patterns: heroin and cocaine consumption was higher in Southern China than in Northern China, heroin consumption was higher in Western China than in Eastern China, and the consumption of each drug differed across seven regions of China, especially with ephedrine and methcathinone consumption higher in North China; heroin consumption higher in Southwest, Central, and Northwest China; and ketamine and MDMA consumption higher in East, South, and Central China. Compared with findings in previous studies, there were temporal patterns, in which ketamine consumption presented a downward trend but heroin remained stable. Based on correlation analyses, there were the polydrug abuse patterns between heroin and cocaine, methcathinone and ketamine, and cocaine and MDMA. In general, this study based on WBE provides a comprehensive evaluation of drug consumption in China.

Does omega-3 lower blood pressure?: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a clinically common cardiovascular disease, resulting in many complications. Omega-3 might be beneficial in lowering blood pressure. This protocol will be performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. METHODS: We will search both the electronical databases and paper-published journals. Endnote software will be used to complete study screening and data extraction by 2 reviewers independently. Review Manager software will be used to synthesize the data. The primary outcomes are systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Secondary outcome is the adverse effects. RESULTS: The results of this study will propose a trustworthy evidence to evaluate the effects of omega-3 on blood pressure of hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of our systematic review will reply whether omega-3 is an effectual intervention to lower blood pressure of hypertensive patients. ETHICS: This review does not require ethical approval because all of the data analyzed in this review have been published. REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY202070103 (DOI number: 10.37766/inplasy2020.7.0103).

Tai Chi on bone mineral density of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a clinically common metabolic disease, especially in postmenopausal women. Tai Chi might be beneficial in osteoporosis patients. This study will be performed to examine the effects of Tai Chi on bone mineral density of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: We will search the electronical databases and hand-searching journals or reference lists. The study screening and data extraction will be carried out by 2 investigators independently. The primary outcome is bone mineral density (lumbar spine, Ward's triangle, trochanter, proximal femur, femoral neck, or total hip). Secondary outcomes are pain score, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and adverse effects. Review Manager V.5.3 software will be used to compute the data. RESULTS: The results of the study will provide a reliable evidence to assess the effects of Tai Chi on bone mineral density of postmenopausal osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of our systematic review will answer whether Tai Chi is an effective intervention to improve bone mineral density of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Potential value of three-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese diabetic population with kidney injury.

BACKGROUND: To explore the potential value of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Chinese diabetic patients with kidney injury. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney injury in our hospital were enrolled, and the clinical characteristics as well as the laboratory data of patients were collected; 3DUS and CEUS were used to evaluate the morphological structure and blood perfusion of kidneys. Eligible patients were categorized into two groups based on renal biopsy results: DN group and non-diabetic renal diseases (NDRD) group. Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the risk factors of DN development. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients aged from 24 to 78 years old were recruited in the experiment, of which 64 patients (55.65%) and 51 patients (44.35%) were in the DN group and NDRD group, respectively. After correction to CKD stage, BMI and right kidney volume index were retained to identify patients with DN. The ROC of the logistic regression model had an AUC of 0.703 (95% CI: 0.591-0.815) and it was higher than both indicators. CONCLUSION: 3DUS has potential value in the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in Chinese diabetic population with kidney injury and may act as an auxiliary diagnosis for DN. More prospective and well-designed studies with larger samples are needed to verify the result.

Shi's Yi-Qi Bu-Shen Tong-Luo decoction combined with manipulation in the management of wrist stiffness after distal radius fracture: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT Compliant).

INTRODUCTION: Wrist stiffness is a common sequela of distal radial fractures. Manipulation is generally used and effective, but problems exist, such as intense pain, swelling during the process of manipulation and long treatment period. Therefore, a combinative therapeutic strategy is necessary to benefit rehabilitation after distal radius fracture. Shi's Yi-Qi Bu-Shen Tong-Luo decoction (BTD) combined with wrist manipulation has been used in the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Huangpu Branch in last few decades. BTD has potential therapeutic effects on rehabilitation after distal radius fracture, which should be evaluated by rigorous clinical trial. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be conducted to determine the efficiency of BTD in relief of wrist stiffness and pain and function rehabilitation. A total of 80 wrist stiffness patients with or without pain and edema will be enrolled, and treated with wrist manipulation plus BTD or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the Cooney wrist score. The second outcome measures include pain numerical rating scale, patient rated wrist evaluation, 36-item short form health survey questionnaire, and side effects. DISCUSSION: Although BTD has shown effects on rehabilitation after distal radius fracture in the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Huangpu Branch for decades, the universality of this efficacy needs evaluated. The results of this trial will provide a convincing evidence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2000029260, January 19, 2020.

[Application Value of Transrectal Shear Wave Elastography Mode Combined with Elastic Modulus in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer].

Objective To explore the value of trans-rectal shear wave elastic mode combined with elastic modulus in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and establish a new method for the evaluation of prostate with trans-rectal shear wave elastography(SWE). Methods The typical findings of trans-rectal ultrasound(US)and SWE in 79 patients with prostate cancer(n=41)and benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)(n=38)confirmed by surgery or US-guided biopsy were analyzed retrospectively.Their diagnostic value were evaluated with the pathological results as the golden standards. Results Three or more malignant features detected by conventional trans-rectal US(χ 2=42.5,P<0.001)and asymmetrical SWE mode(χ 2=54.2,P<0.001)showed statistically significant difference in prostate cancer and BPH groups.The elastic modulus of Emean and Emax in the prostate cancer group were(92.8±21.5)and(114.2±29.8)kPa,which were significantly higher than those in the BPH group [(56.7±14.0)(t=-8.8,P<0.001)and(68.4±17.2)kPa(t=-8.3,P<0.001)].The receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)curve with Logistic regression showed that the elastic model combined elastic modulus had the largest area under ROC curve and the highest diagnosis efficiency of prostate cancer,with the cutoff value of 0.45.The diagnosis sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy of the combination were 95.1%,89.5%,90.7%,94.4%,and 92.4%,respectively. Conclusion Combination of SWE mode and elastic modulus is more valuable than elastic modulus alone in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

[Effect of HPMCAS/curcumin amorphous solid dispersion in enhancing dissolution and chemical stability of curcumin].

To enhance in vitro dissolution of Cur by preparing Cur solid dispersions. The ability of HPMCAS-HF,HPMCAS-MF,HPMCAS-LF and PVPK30 to maintain supersaturated solution was investigated by supersaturation test. Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent-evaporation method. The prepared samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopy( IR) and differential scanning calorimetry( DSC),and in vitro dissolution was investigated. DSC and IR results showed that in 1 ∶3 and 1 ∶9 solid dispersions,Cur was amorphously dispersed in the carrier,and the interaction existed between drug and carrier. The supersaturation test showed that the order of the ability of polymer to inhibit crystallization of Cur was MF>HF>LF>K30. The dissolution results showed that Cur-K30 amorphous solid dispersion had the highest drug release rate; Cur-K30 and Cur-LF amorphous solid dispersions had a quicker but not stable dissolution rate,and the drug concentration decrease after 4 h; Cur-MF and Cur-HF solid dispersions had a low dissolution,which however increased steadily,attributing to the strong ability of the polymers to inhibit the crystallization of Cur. HPMCAS could inhibit the degradation of Cur better than K30,especially MF and HF. The amorphous solid dispersions of cur significantly enhanced the dissolution of Cur and improved the chemical stability of Cur. This study can provide a basis for the rational selection of the polymer used for Cur solid dispersion.

Atorvastatin Blocks Advanced Glycation End Products Induced Reduction in Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux Mediated With ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters G 1.

BACKGROUND: There is accumulating evidence that the AGEs-RAGE interaction plays an important role in accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Our previous study showed that the AGEs-RAGE axis can reduce the cholesterol efflux of THP-1 macrophages through suppression of the expression of ABCG1 and that statins can inhibit the expression of RAGE. However, the role of statins in recovering the cholesterol efflux of macrophages reduced by AGEs has not been assessed.Methods and Results:ApoE-/-mice and THP-1 macrophages were both treated by AGEs or AGEs combined with anti-RAGE antibody (only in THP-1 cells), ALT711 and atorvastatin separately. Cholesterol efflux of THP-1 macrophages and murine peritoneal macrophages was tested by fluorescence microplate technique. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to measure the expression of RAGE and molecules included in cholesterol efflux. After co-incubating with atorvastatin and AGEs, reduction in lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages and improvement of lesions complexity occurred compared with treating by AGEs only. Atorvastatin increased cholesterol efflux and ABCG1 expression of macrophages, which were reduced by AGEs, and decreased the expression of RAGE at the same time. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that atorvastatin can recover the deleterious ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux induced by AGEs in THP-1 macrophages and murine peritoneal macrophages by downregulating RAGE expression. It may contribute to the protective action of atorvastatin in diabetic subjects with atherosclerosis.