Management system for engineering and decoration waste: An exploratory study in Shenzhen.

Rapid urban development and renewal have caused large amounts of engineering and decoration waste to be produced. These wastes pose serious risks to the environment. Disposal and management of this waste have become problematic. A mean of 11.4 × 106 m3 of engineering and decoration waste will be produced each year in Shenzhen between 2018 and 2035. Engineering and decoration waste are currently mainly sent to landfill, but this requires large amounts of land and can cause serious environmental pollution. There are problems including irregular emissions, a disorderly transportation market, and inadequate disposal facilities, so policies for managing engineering and decoration waste need to be established. In this study, a hybrid approach was used to develop a system for managing the whole engineering and decoration waste system (generation, collection & transportation, and disposal). The system was developed after determining waste emission and disposal requirements through site visits, clarifying problems involved in waste collection and transportation through interviews, identifying suitable management practices in an expert seminar, and developing a management system through desktop surveys. It was found that new buildings produce 0.02-0.04 (m3 waste)/(m2 building) and 0.11-0.13 (m3 decoration waste)/(m2 building) and that emission limits are required. Construction enterprises employ private trucks to transport waste, and illegal dumping occurs. Directed collection and transportation is required. Public welfare requires a mechanism for managing engineering and decoration waste with clear responsibilities. Government-authorized construction and operation should be explored and implemented. A propagable engineering and decoration waste management system is proposed with three management modules, generation, collection & transportation, and disposal, to act as a strategy for improving engineering and decoration waste.

Prevalence and new genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheltered dogs and cats in Sichuan province, southwestern China.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of hosts, including humans and companion animals, raising concerns of zoonotic transmission. However, there is limited epidemiological information on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in sheltered dogs and cats in Sichuan province, southwestern China. A total of 880 fecal samples were collected from shelters in different cities of Sichuan province, including 724 samples from dogs, and 156 samples from cats. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was determined by sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Overall, the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 18% (158/880), and the parasite was detected in 18.8% (136/724) and 14.1% (22/156) of the dogs and cats examined, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of five genotypes in dogs, including three known genotypes CD9 (n = 92), PtEb IX (n = 41), and Type IV (n = 1), and two novel genotypes SCD-1 (n = 1) and SCD-2 (n = 1). Similarly, four genotypes were identified in cats, including CD9 (n = 11), Type IV (n = 6), D (n = 4), and PtEb IX (n = 1). Genotypes D and Type IV have previously been identified in humans and are reported in sheltered dogs and cats in the present study, indicating that these animals could be as potential sources of human microsporidiosis infections.

TITLE: Prévalence et nouveaux génotypes d'Enterocytozoon bieneusi chez les chiens et chats de refuges dans la province du Sichuan, dans le sud-ouest de la Chine. ABSTRACT: Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un parasite intracellulaire commun qui infecte un large éventail d'hôtes, y compris les humains et les animaux de compagnie, ce qui soulève des problèmes de transmission zoonotique. Cependant, il existe peu d'informations épidémiologiques sur la prévalence et les génotypes d'E. bieneusi chez les chiens et les chats des refuges dans la province du Sichuan, au sud-ouest de la Chine. Au total, 880 échantillons de matières fécales ont été prélevés dans des refuges dans différentes villes de la province du Sichuan, dont 724 échantillons de chiens et 156 échantillons de chats. Enterocytozoon bieneusi a été déterminé par analyse de séquence de l'espaceur transcrit interne ribosomique (ITS). Dans l'ensemble, la prévalence d'E. bieneusi était de 18 % (158/880) et le parasite a été détecté chez 18,8 % (136/724) et 14,1 % (22/156) des chiens et des chats examinés, respectivement. L'analyse des séquences a révélé la présence de cinq génotypes chez le chien, dont trois génotypes connus CD9 (n = 92), PtEb IX (n = 41) et type IV (n = 1), et deux nouveaux génotypes SCD-1 (n = 1) et SCD-2 (n = 1). De même, quatre génotypes ont été identifiés chez les chats, dont CD9 (n = 11), Type IV (n = 6), D (n = 4) et PtEb IX (n = 1). Les génotypes D et de type IV ont été précédemment identifiés chez l'homme et sont rapportés chez des chiens et des chats des refuges dans la présente étude, ce qui indique que ces animaux pourraient être des sources potentielles d'infections par microsporidiose chez les humains.

De novo transcriptomic analysis during Lentinula edodes fruiting body growth.

The fruiting body of Lentinula edodes is a popular edible mushroom, and extracts from the mycelium and the fruiting body of this species have diverse therapeutic potential. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the fruiting body growth of L. edodes from the early bud stage (EBS), through the intermediate developing stage (IDS), to the fully developed stage (FDS), we performed de novo transcriptomic analysis using high-throughput Illumina RNA-sequencing. First, we generated three cDNA libraries representative of the three respective stages. We then obtained 38,933,148, 44,594,472, and 37,905,646 high-quality reads from the respective libraries and assembled the reads into 25,104 transcriptional contigs, containing 15,199 unigenes. We found that only 9331 of the unigenes had been annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database, and we functionally annotated 4758 of them through Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and 2921 of them through Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) analysis. We also assigned 3995 unigenes to metabolic pathways by using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We further identified 399 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EBS and IDS, 1428 between IDS and FDS, and 1830 between EBS and FDS, uncovering 769 DEGs in multiple metabolic and signaling pathways. Interestingly, there were a limited number of DEGs whose expression was dramatically associated with FDS. Finally, genes, whose expression was either highly up-regulated in FDS or remained at a high level during fruiting body growth, were annotated specifically in the pathways of purine metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism and meiosis, suggesting that these key molecular events were actively occurring in the fruiting body. Our work is the first high-throughput transcriptome study on the growth of L. edodes fruiting bodies, and the results uncovered candidate genes for future gene identification and utilization of this commercially and medically important mushroom.

Occurrence of novel and rare subtype families of Cryptosporidium in bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis) in China.

This report is the first to describe Cryptosporidium infection in bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis). Ninety-two fresh fecal specimens were collected from a pet market in Ya'an City, China. One Cryptosporidium isolate from an asymptomatic host and two isolates from separate hosts with diarrhea were obtained by using Sheather's sucrose flotation technique and modified acid-fast staining. The Cryptosporidium spp. were genotyped by nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA), 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), oocyst wall protein (COWP), and actin genes: isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium parvum with minor nucleotide differences at all four loci. Further subtyping was performed by PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene: two subtype families were detected, including a novel C. parvum subtype IIpA9 and a rare subtype IIoA13G1 (only reported in diarrheal patients of Sweden). Our results suggest that the bamboo rat is a reservoir host of C. parvum. Significantly, we discovered that the rare C. parvum subtype family IIo is also a zoonotic subtype and confirmed C. parvum subtype IIpA9 as a novel subtype family.