Regulation of cellulase production via calcium signaling in Trichoderma reesei under PEG8000 stress.

In this study, the effect of polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000) stress on cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei CICC2626 via calcium signaling was investigated, and a plausible mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ regulates the transcription of cellulase genes was proposed. The results indicated that the total cellulase (filter paper-hydrolyzing activity [FPase]), endoglucanase (carboxymethyl cellulase activity [CMCase]), and ß-glucosidase activities of the strain were 1.3-, 1.2-, and 1.3-fold higher than those of the control (no PEG8000 addition) at a final concentration of 1.5% (w/v) PEG8000. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of cellulase genes, protein concentrations, and biomass increased. With the synergistic use of commercial cellulase and T. reesei CICC2626 cellulase to hydrolyze alkali-pretreated rice straw, the released reducing sugar concentration reached 372.7 mg/g, and the cellulose content (22.7%, 0.32 g) was significantly lower than the initial content (62.5%, 1.88 g). Transcriptome data showed that 12 lignocellulose degradation-related genes were significantly upregulated in the presence of 1.5% PEG8000. Furthermore, the addition of Ca2+ inhibitors and deletion of crz1 (calcineurin-responsive zinc finger 1-encoding gene, which is related to the calcium signaling pathway) demonstrated that calcium signaling plays a dominant role in PEG8000-induced cellulase genes overexpression. These results revealed a link between PEG8000 induction and calcium signaling transduction in T. reesei CICC2626. Moreover, this study also provides a novel inducer for enhanced cellulase production. KEY POINTS: • Cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei could be enhanced by PEG8000 • PEG8000 could induce a cytosolic Ca2+ burst in Trichoderma reesei • The activated calcium signaling was involved in cellulase biosynthesis.

Humic acid biosynthesis and bacterial community evolution during aerobic composting of rice straw.

In this study, the effects of inoculum ratio, substrate particle size and aeration rate on humic acid (HA) biosynthesis during aerobic composting of rice straw were investigated, respectively. The contents of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and HA, as well as lignocellulose degradation in the composting were evaluated, respectively. It is found that the maximal HA yield of 356.9 g kg-1 was obtained at an inoculum ratio of 20%, a substrate particle size of 0.83 mm and an aeration rate of 0.3 L·kg-1 DM min-1 in the process of composting. The changes of microbial communities and metabolic functions at different stages of the composting were also analyzed through high-throughput sequencing. The result demonstrates that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla and their relative abundance significantly varied over time (p < 0.05), and Rhizobium, Phenylobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas and Paenibacillus were positively related to HA content in the compost. Furthermore, the metabolic function profiles of bacterial community indicate that these functional genes in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism were involved in lignocellulose biodegradation and HA biosynthesis. This work may be conducive to explore new regulation strategy to improve bioconversion efficiency of agricultural residues to applicable biofertilizers. KEY POINTS: • Temperature, pH, TOC, TN and C/N caused a great influence on humic acids synthesis • The succession of the microbial community during the composting were evaluated • The metabolisms of carbohydrate and amino acids were involved in HA synthesis.

Surgical treatment of intermediate to high grade thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: case series of five patients and literature review.

Background: Thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms (Th-NENs) are extremely rare. Th-NENs are divided into four pathological subtypes: typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small cell carcinoma (SCC). The latter three subtypes are highly aggressive with poor prognosis. There are limited reports on the optimal surgical strategies for Th-NENs. This study aims to report a case series of Th-NENs after surgical treatment and review the literatures. Methods: We report a case series of five patients diagnosed with Th-NENs and summarize their clinical characteristics. Literatures related to surgical treatment of Th-NENs were reviewed. Results: There were three males and two females, and mean age was 53.6 years. No myasthenia gravis or neuroendocrine symptoms were found. Three patients were diagnosed with AC and the other two were diagnosed with LCNEC. Two patients were stage II-b, one patient was stage III-a, and two patients were stage IV-b. One patient received preoperative chemotherapy, one patient received preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and three patients underwent surgery directly. Two patients underwent extended thymectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), two patients underwent extended thymectomy via median sternotomy, and one patient underwent resection of anterior mediastinal tumor, sternal metastases, superior vena cava and partial right atrium via median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. R0 resection was achieved in 80% (4/5) of patients. There was no postoperative 90-day complication and death. One patient had no recurrence. One patient had lymph node metastases and was still alive after somatostatin analogue therapy. One patient had no recurrence of Th-NENs but died of other tumors. Two patients had distant metastases. Median overall survival (mOS) was 49 (range, 4-134) months. A total of 22 original studies related to surgical treatment of Th-NENs were retrieved. Conclusions: Th-NENs is a very rare and extremely aggressive malignancy. Early diagnosis and surgical resection are the most important methods to improve prognosis. Radical resection and lymph node dissection are recommended for accurate staging and better prognosis. Currently, there are few clinical data on Th-NENs and several important surgical issues remain unresolved. In the future, multi-center, large-sample database and clinical studies are urgently needed to explore better treatment modality.

Improvement of Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Mediated by Calcium Signaling in Bacillus subtilis Z2 under Graphene Oxide Stress.

An increase in exoenzyme production can be enhanced by environmental stresses such as graphene oxide (GO) stress, but the link between the two events is still unclear. In this work, the effect of GO as an environmental stress factor on exoenzyme (lignocellulolytic enzyme, amylase, peptidase, and protease) biosynthesis was investigated in Bacillus subtilis Z2, and a plausible mechanism by which cytosolic Ca2+ regulates lignocellulolytic enzyme production in B. subtilis Z2 subjected to GO stress was proposed. The filter paper-hydrolyzing (FPase [representing total cellulase]), carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase [representing endoglucanase]), and ß-glucosidase activities and extracellular protein concentration of the wild-type strain under 10 µg/mL GO stress were 1.37-, 1.64-, 1.24-, and 1.16-fold those of the control (without GO stress), respectively. Correspondingly, the transcription levels of lignocellulolytic enzyme genes, cytosolic Ca2+ level, and biomass concentration of B. subtilis were all increased. With lignocellulolytic enzyme from B. subtilis used to hydrolyze alkali-pretreated rice straw, the released reducing sugar concentration reached 265.53 mg/g, and the removal rates of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were 52.4%, 30.1%, and 7.5%, respectively. Furthermore, transcriptome data revealed that intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis played a key role in regulating the levels of gene transcription related to the synthesis of lignocellulolytic enzymes and exoenzymes. Finally, the use of Ca2+ inhibitors (LaCl3 and EDTA) and deletion of spcF (a calmodulin-like protein gene) further demonstrated that the overexpression of those genes was regulated via calcium signaling in B. subtilis subjected to GO stress. IMPORTANCE To effectively convert lignocellulose into fermentable sugars, high lignocellulolytic enzyme loading is needed. Graphene oxide (GO) has been shown to promote exoenzyme (lignocellulolytic enzyme, amylase, peptidase, and protease) production in some microorganisms; however, the regulatory mechanism of the biosynthesis of lignocellulolytic enzymes under GO stress remains unclear. In this work, the lignocellulolytic enzyme production of B. subtilis under GO stress was investigated, and the potential mechanism by which B. subtilis enhanced lignocellulolytic enzyme production through the calcium signaling pathway under GO stress was proposed. This work revealed the role of calcium signaling in the production of enzymes under external environmental stress and provided a direction to facilitate lignocellulolytic enzyme production by B. subtilis.

Co-production of biogas and humic acid using rice straw and pig manure as substrates through solid-state anaerobic fermentation and subsequent aerobic composting.

Compared with wet anaerobic digestion, solid-state fermentation possesses many merits such as low water consumption, high biogas yield and low processing cost. In this work, co-producing biogas and humic acid (HA) by two-step solid-state fermentation was innovatively investigated using rice straw and pig manure as materials. The result indicates that C/N ratio, straw particle size, and total solid content (TS%) caused significant effects on the solid-state fermentation process. At the first step for anaerobic biogas fermentation, the optimal fermentation conditions included C/N ratio of 27.5, straw particle size of 0.85 mm and TS% of 25%. The maximal biogas productivity and methane content were up to 0.43 m3/(m3·d) and 64.88%, respectively. This means that biogas production was significantly improved by adjusting C/N ratio during the co-fermentation of rice straw and pig manure. Following, the digested residue was aerobically composted for HA biosynthesis to improve the fertilizer efficiency of the fermented substrate. The optimal aeration rate of 0.75 L/min was obtained, and the volatile solid (VS) degradation rate, HA content, and the germination index (GI) value were up to 19.16%, 100.89 mg/g, and 103.07%, respectively, which indicates that HA biosynthesis and compost maturity were significantly enhanced. Therefore, the co-production of biogas and HA using rice straw and pig manure as fermentation materials was achieved by adopting the two-step solid-state fermentation, and the bioconversion efficiencies of livestock manure and straw were significantly improved.

Enhancement of biotransformation of ginsenosides in white ginseng roots by aerobic co-cultivation of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma reesei.

In the present work, the biotransformation of ginsenosides in white ginseng roots was innovatively investigated using the aerobic fermentation by the co-cultivation of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma reesei. It is found that in the co-cultivation mode, the optimal nitrogen source was corn steep liquor, and the loading of ginseng powder and inoculation proportion of B. subtilis and T. reesei were 15 g/L and 1:4, respectively. The total ginsenoside yield and production of minor ginsenosides in the co-cultivation mode obviously enhanced in comparison to the monoculture mode. Meanwhile, the maximal total ginsenoside yield of 21.79% and high hydrolase activities were achieved using the staged inoculation at the inoculation proportion of 1:4 in the co-cultivation mode, the production of minor ginsenosides such as Rg3 and Rh1, Rh2 was significantly strengthened, and the pharmacological activities of the fermented solution obviously improved. The enhancement of ginsenoside transformation can be mainly attributed to hydrolysis of the produced hydrolases and metabolism of two probiotics. This result clearly reveals that using the staged inoculation in co-cultivation fermentation mode was favor of the ginsenoside biotransformation in ginseng due to non-synchronous cell growth and different metabolic pathways of both probiotics. This work can provide a novel method for enhancing ginsenoside transformation of ginseng.Key points• Co-cultivation fermentation significantly promoted ginsenoside biotransformation.• The staged inoculation in co-culture mode was an optimal operation method.• The pharmacological activity of the co-cultured solution was significantly enhanced.

Response of lipid biosynthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa to intracellular reactive oxygen species level under stress conditions.

An increase in the total lipid content in algal cells under stress conditions is often accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the link between these two events is unclear. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of ROS formation on lipid accumulation in C. pyrenoidosa was investigated using a Fenton-like reaction. A high Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.901 was obtained between the Hydroxyl radical (OH) level and lipid content. Importantly, the increase in the total lipid content was clearly coupled with a significant increase in the intracellular OH concentration rather than increases in the H2O2 and O2- concentrations. Transcriptome data confirms that most of the differential expression genes (DEGs) involved in fatty acid and glycerolipid biosynthesis were up-regulated by the increased OH under stress conditions. These results reveal that lipid accumulation in algal cells was promoted by OH.

Rhizoma Paridis saponins ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in rats by downregulating expression of angiogenesis­associated growth factors.

Previously, we demonstrated that Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS), the major active component of Rhizoma Paridis, may exhibit hepatoprotective effects. The present study aimed to identify the potential mechanism of RPS on hepatic injury and improvement in hepatic fibrosis (HF). A HF model was created in Sprague­Dawley rats by administration of carbon tetrachloride. RPS was administered for treatment following creation of the HF model. The protein and mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet­derived growth factor (PDGF), extracellular signal­regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and α­smooth muscle actin (SMA) was detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. RPS was demonstrated to improve hepatic inflammation and decrease HF severity according to hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining. Following RPS treatment, the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde, and expression levels of the mRNA and protein of VEGF, ERK1/2, PDGF and α­SMA in the model group was decreased. By contrast, the content of glutathione­PX and superoxide dismutase was increased. These data suggest that RPS may treat HF primarily through downregulation of the expression levels of the mRNA and phosphorylated VEGF, ERK1/2, PDGF and α­SMA proteins.

Biodegradability enhancement of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide wastewater by a combined Fenton-SBR treatment process.

An efficient way to solve the environmental pollution deriving from hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)-containing drilling wastewater is urgent. This work adopted a novel method coupling Fenton oxidation with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat gas-field drilling wastewater successively. This Fenton-SBR process reduced COD, HPAM, NH4+-N and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of drilling wastewater by 98.35%, 87.58%, 94.50% and 93.52%, respectively. While simulated HPAM wastewater with similar HPAM concentration to Fenton-oxidized drilling wastewater was treated only by biological process, and the COD and HPAM removal efficiencies reached 78.26% and 62.95%. The result indicates that the biodegradability of the drilling wastewater was enhanced after Fenton oxidation. Moreover, the analysis on microbial community structure indicates the dominant bacteria in treated drilling wastewater were different from that in treated simulated-wastewater. It can be considered the Fenton-SBR process possesses potential to be applied to treating the drilling wastewater.

Mechanism of Yanghe Pingchuan granules treatment for airway remodeling in asthma.

PURPOSE: Yanghe Pingchuan granules (YPG), a hospital preparation developed by The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, has been used for the clinical treatment of bronchial asthma (BA) for several decades. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of YPG in the treatment of BA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=60) were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 per group): control, a BA model, positive drug control (Guilong Kechuanning capsules; a proven effective treatment for BA), and model rats treated with a high, medium, or low dose of YPG. H&E staining was used to detect pathological changes in the bronchial tubes. The mRNA expression levels of PI3K, PKB, PCNA, and AR were determined by real-time PCR, and the protein levels of phospho- (p-)PI3K, p-PKB, p-PCNA, and p-AR were detected by Western blotting. ELISAs were used to detect the expression of PIP2, PIP3 IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, and epinephrine (EPI). RESULTS: H&E staining demonstrated that BA can be ameliorated using YPG. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA indicated that use of YPG decreased expression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and PCNA, and can also ameliorate the condition kidney Yang deficiency, which is associated with BA in Chinese traditional medicine. CONCLUSION: YPG can attenuate BA therapeutically in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect comprises influences on three features that contribute to BA: the PI3K signaling pathway, cell proliferation, and "kidney-Yang deficiency".

Paridis Rhizoma Sapoinins attenuates liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the expression of RASAL1/ERK1/2 signal pathway.

ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Paridis Rhizoma is a Chinese medicinal herb that has been used in liver disease treatment for thousands of years. Our previous studies found that Paridis Rhizoma saponins (PRS) are the critical components of Paridis Rhizoma which has good liver protection effect. However, the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect and the mechanism of PRS have seldom been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the potential of PRS in the treatment of experimental liver fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical feature fingerprint of PRS was analyzed by UPLC-PDA. A total of 40 Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the PRS high dose group (PRS H) and the PRS low dose group (PRS L) with 10 rats in each group. The model, PRS H and L groups as liver fibrosis models were established with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) method. PRS H and L groups were adopted PRS (300 and 150mg/kgd-1) treatment since the twelfth week of modeling till the sixteenth week. Pathological changes in hepatic tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and MASSON trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the protein expression of the RASAL1. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of ERK1/2 mRNA and protein. RESULTS: Four saponins in PRS were identified from 19 detected chromatographic peaks on UPLC-PDA by comparing to the standard compounds. PRS can improve the degeneration and necrosis of hepatic tissue, reduce the extent of its fibrous hyperplasia according to H&E and MASSON staining detection. As was detected in PRS H and L groups, PRS down-regulated p-ERK1/2 mRNA and RASAL1 protein, and up-regulated the level of p-ERK1/2 mRNA and RASAL1 protein. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that PRS can attenuate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the regulation of RAS/ERK1/2 signal pathway.

[Effect of total saponins of Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma on serum metabolic profile in adjuvant arthritis rats based on GC-TOF-MS].

To observe the effect of total saponins of Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma (TSCR) on serum metabolic profile changes in adjuvant arthritis(AA) rats, and explore its possible action mechanism for AA rats. The AA rat models were induced by Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA), and their histopathological changes were observed. Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to analyze the metabolic profile among normal group, AA model group and TSCR group. Potential biomarkers in the serum were screened based on the variable importance projection(VIP) value>1, P<0.05. As compared with the normal group, 17 potential biomarkers such as aspartic acid, inositol and phenylacetaldehyde were found and identified in the serum of model group rats. As compared with the model group, the above biomarkers were regulated nearly to a normal state after TSCR administration for 16 days. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the total saponins of Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma has a certain therapeutic effect for AA rats, and the mechanism may be related to regulation of lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism.

[Protective effects and mechanism of congguiyishen capsules on diabetic nephropathy rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the curative and protective effects of Congguiyishen Capsules on the diabetic nephropathy (DN) model rats. METHODS: Established the DN model rats by intraperitoneal injection of urea bacteria element (Streptozotocin, STZ). The rats were divided into six groups including normal control group, model group, positive control group, high-dosage group, medium-dosage group and low-dosage group. After oral administration for 4 weeks, determined the 24 h urinary protein, Cr, kidney mass/body mass, FBG, Ang II, AT1R, AGTRAP and CTGF in the kidney. Observed the pathological damage of kidney tissue with Masson staining. RESULTS: After treatment, Cr, kidney mass index, 24 h urine protein, FBG and Ang II were decreased signicantly (P < 0.05). And the treatment also alleviated the pathological damage of kidney tissue. CONCLUSION: Congguiyishen Capsules have protective effect for DN model rats. The mechanism may be related to the suppression of inflammatory response and down-regulating the expression of AT1R, AGTRAP and CTGF.

[Optimization of processing technology for xanthii fructus by UPLC fingerprint technique and contents of toxicity ingredient].

The experiment's aim was to optimize the processing technology of Xanthii Fructus which through comparing the difference of UPLC fingerprint and contents of toxicity ingredient in water extract of 16 batches of processed sample. The determination condition of UPLC chromatographic and contents of toxicity ingredient were as follows. UPLC chromatographic: ACQUITY BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 microm) eluted with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acidwater in gradient mode, the flow rate was 0.25 mL x min(-1) and the detection wavelength was set at 327 nm. Contents of toxicity ingredient: Agilent TC-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), mobile phase was methanol-0.01 mol x L(-1) sodium dihydrogen phosphate (35: 65), flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), and detection wavelength was 203 nm. The chromatographic fingerprints 16 batches of samples were analyzed in using the similarity evaluation system of chromatographic, fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine, SPSS16.0 and SIMCA13.0 software, respectively. The similarity degrees of the 16 batches samples were more than 0.97, all the samples were classified into four categories, and the PCA showed that the peak area of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were significantly effect index in fingerprint of processed Xanthii Fructus sample. The outcome of determination showed that the toxicity ingredient contents of all samples reduced significantly after processing. This method can be used in optimizing the processing technology of Xanthii Fructus.

Detection of hepatitis B virus A1762T/G1764A mutant by amplification refractory mutation system

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of hepatitis B virus with A1762T/G1764A double mutation in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and create a sensitive, fast, accurate assay for detection of A1762T/G1764A double mutation. METHODS: We developed an accurate and fast real-time amplification refractory mutation system to detect A1762T/G1764A double mutation. Cloned hepatitis B virus genome was used as a control. Assay sensitivity was determined by serial dilution and mixed template experiments. Specificity was determined by cross experiments with wild and mutant hepatitis B virus. Fifty clinical samples were tested by the real-time amplification refractory mutation system and the results were compared with sequencing. RESULTS: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system had a sensitivity of 100 copies of virus with these mutations, and 0.1% weak population virus with double mutation could be found in mixtures. A total of 50 randomly collected clinical samples were detected by real-time amplification refractory mutation system, and the results were consistent with those by DNA sequencing. Hepatitis B virus genotype C was more prevalent in 39 of 50 samples than genotype B (11 samples), and about 75% of genotype C carried a double mutation compared to 45% of genotype B. However, the percentage of A1762T/G1764A double mutation in hepatitis B e antigen-negative (58.3%) samples was almost the same as in hepatitis B e antigen-positive (61%) samples. CONCLUSION: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system is sensitive and specific for detection of hepatitis B virus double mutation. .

Detection of hepatitis B virus A1762T/G1764A mutant by amplification refractory mutation system.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of hepatitis B virus with A1762T/G1764A double mutation in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and create a sensitive, fast, accurate assay for detection of A1762T/G1764A double mutation. METHODS: We developed an accurate and fast real-time amplification refractory mutation system to detect A1762T/G1764A double mutation. Cloned hepatitis B virus genome was used as a control. Assay sensitivity was determined by serial dilution and mixed template experiments. Specificity was determined by cross experiments with wild and mutant hepatitis B virus. Fifty clinical samples were tested by the real-time amplification refractory mutation system and the results were compared with sequencing. RESULTS: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system had a sensitivity of 100 copies of virus with these mutations, and 0.1% weak population virus with double mutation could be found in mixtures. A total of 50 randomly collected clinical samples were detected by real-time amplification refractory mutation system, and the results were consistent with those by DNA sequencing. Hepatitis B virus genotype C was more prevalent in 39 of 50 samples than genotype B (11 samples), and about 75% of genotype C carried a double mutation compared to 45% of genotype B. However, the percentage of A1762T/G1764A double mutation in hepatitis B e antigen-negative (58.3%) samples was almost the same as in hepatitis B e antigen-positive (61%) samples. CONCLUSION: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system is sensitive and specific for detection of hepatitis B virus double mutation.

[Protective effects of Qizhen Jiangtang granules in diabetic nephropathy rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the curative and protective effects of Qizhen Jiangtang Granules in the diabetic nephropathy (DN) model rats. METHODS: Healthy SD rats were fed a high-sucrose and high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) to establish the DN model. The rats were divided into six groups including normal control group,model group, positive control group, high-dosage group(200 mg/kg), medium-dosage group (100 mg/kg), and low-dosage group(50 mg/kg). After oral administration of Qizhen Jiangtang Granules for eight weeks, FBG,TG,TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, SCr and BUN levels in rats serum were determined, while the pathological damage of kidney tissue with PAS and HE staining were observed under microscope. RESULTS: After treatment, TG, TC, LDL-c,SCr and BUN levels were significantly decreased(P <0. 05), and HDL-c level was significantly increased(P <0. 05). The treatment also alleviated the pathological damage of kidney tissue. CONCLUSION: Qizhen Jiangtang Granules have a protective effect against kidney damage in DN model rats. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of lipid and sugar levels in serum.

GeO2-SiO2-chitosan-medium-coated hollow optical fiber for cell immobilization.

A GeO(2)-SiO(2)-chitosan-medium (GSCM)-coated hollow optical fiber (HOF) is proposed. The HOF consists of three parts: the fiber core (air), cladding (SiO(2)), and coating (GSCM), which shows the highest refractive index of the three. The HOF's luminescence properties and surface morphology are investigated. Their adsorption capacity for Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQK 01 is also assayed. We discovered that when the amount of 2GeO(2)-SiO(2) sol dopant is 0.9 mass percent, the HOF exhibits the highest luminous intensity and uniform light distribution, and the adsorption capacity for the cell is 3.2 times higher than that of a normal solid optical fiber.

Hydrolysates of lignocellulosic materials for biohydrogen production.

Lignocellulosic materials are commonly used in bio-H2 production for the sustainable energy resource development as they are abundant, cheap, renewable and highly biodegradable. In the process of the bio-H2 production, the pretreated lignocellulosic materials are firstly converted to monosaccharides by enzymolysis and then to H2 by fermentation. Since the structures of lignocellulosic materials are rather complex, the hydrolysates vary with the used materials. Even using the same lignocellulosic materials, the hydrolysates also change with different pretreatment methods. It has been shown that the appropriate hydrolysate compositions can dramatically improve the biological activities and bio-H2 production performances. Over the past decades, hydrolysis with respect to different lignocellulosic materials and pretreatments has been widely investigated. Besides, effects of the hydrolysates on the biohydrogen yields have also been examined. In this review, recent studies on hydrolysis as well as their effects on the biohydrogen production performance are summarized.

Bioconversion characteristics of Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQK 01 entrapped in a photobioreactor for hydrogen production.

The performance of the entrapped-cell photobioreactor during H2 production was assessed by using glucose as substrate in a continuous operation mode. The maximal hydrogen production rate and light conversion efficiency, 2.61 mmol/L/h and 82.3%, were obtained at a HRT of 11.4 h, an substrate loading rate of 4.2 mmol/h and an illumination of 590 nm and 6000 lux, the corresponding hydrogen yield and total energy efficiency were 0.62 mmol H2/(mmol glucose) and 4.8%, respectively. The results indicate the H2 production system illuminated at 590 nm wavelength engaged in energy storage for H2 production due to more ATP synthesized in primary reaction center, and was of higher energy recovery capacity. Furthermore, the total energy efficiency was far lower than the corresponding light conversion efficiency due to intermediates production.