Complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 15 in Southern Xinjiang dairy cow.

BACKGROUND: Bovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes. OBJECTIVES: The complete genome sequence of BPV type 15 (BPV Aks-02), a novel putative BPV type from skin samples from infected cows in Southern Xinjiang China, was determined by collecting warty lesions, followed by DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing. METHODS: DNA was analyzed initially by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. The complete genome sequences of the BPV Aks-02 were amplified by PCR using the amplification primers and sequencing primers. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bio-informatic software. RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame (ORF) of BPV Aks-02 was 75% identity to the L1 ORF of BPV-9 reference strain from GenBank. The complete genome consisted of 7,189 base pairs (G + C content of 42.50%) that encoded 5 early (E8, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and 2 late (L1 and L2) genes. The E7 protein contained a consensus CX2CX29CX2C zinc-binding domain and a LxCxE motif. Among the different members of this group, the percentages of the complete genome and ORFs (including 5 early and 2 late ORFs) sequence identity of BPV Aks-02 were closer to the genus Xipapillomavirus 1 of the Xipapillomavirus genus. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarities based on the L1 ORF of BPV Aks-02 revealed the same cluster. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that BPV type (BPV Aks-02) clustered with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus as BPV 15 and were closely related to Xipapillomavirus 1.

Optimizing spectral compositions of multichannel LED light sources by IES color fidelity index and luminous efficacy of radiation: publisher's note.

This note points out additional funding information that was not added to Appl. Opt.56, 1962 (2017).APOPAI1559-128X10.1364/AO.56.001962.

Optimizing spectral compositions of multichannel LED light sources by IES color fidelity index and luminous efficacy of radiation.

The trade-off between the color fidelity index (Rf) released recently by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) and luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) was investigated by adjusting the peak wavelengths, spectral widths, and intensities of four-channel LEDs utilizing a multiobjective optimization algorithm based on differential evolution in the correlated color temperature (CCT) ranging from 2800 to 6500 K for general lighting. The results indicate that Rf at a specific LER value decreases with the increasing CCT, and vice versa, and that Rf has significant improvements over the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color rendering index (CRI) in avoiding spectral gaming and evaluating the light sources even with negative CIE general CRI (Ra). Further, the optimal peak wavelengths with regard to Rf were identified as 629 nm, 568 nm, 504 nm, and 447 nm, yielding high color rendering in terms of Rf(93∼94) and Ra(95∼97) and relatively excellent LER (299 lm/W∼339 lm/W) over a wide range of CCTs from 2800 to 6500 K. This suggests that Rf can be compatible with Ra, making it possible to obtain a common set of optimal peak wavelengths for Rf and Ra. Besides, the IES method could assess saturated red and skin tones more fairly than the CIE CRI. With a practical 17-channel LED array covering the resulted four optimal peak wavelengths, the improvements of the IES method over the CIE CRI were validated further.

Spectral design methods for multi-channel LED light sources based on differential evolution.

The methods were proposed to design the spectra of light sources with multi-channel LEDs based on a differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Specifically, to produce a desired illuminance level while matching a specific spectrum, a matching method combining the DE algorithm and photometry was verified by matching the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) standard illuminants A and D65 at the two desired illuminance levels (500 and 1000 lx) with a multi-channel LED array. Furthermore, considering that correlated color temperature (CCT), illuminance, and color rendering are of practical importance to general lighting, on the basis of photometry and colorimetry, the DE algorithm integrating a mechanism dealing with constraints was developed to optimize the CIE general color rendering index of light sources under a joint target of CCT and illuminance. Sixteen selected targets (eight CCTs from 2800 to 6500 K at 500 and 1000 lx, respectively) were realized with the LED array. The results indicate that the relative errors of CCT and illuminance are less than 0.7% and 1.5%, respectively, while achieving excellent or even perfect color rendering. These methods also enable a practical tool for smart and dynamic lighting.

Investigations of suprathreshold color-difference tolerances with different visual scales and different perceptual correlates using CRT colors.

In order to investigate the performance of suprathreshold color-difference tolerances with different visual scales and different perceptual correlates, a psychophysical experiment was carried out by the method of constant stimuli using CRT colors. Five hue circles at three lightness (L*=30, 50, and 70) and chroma (C*ab=10, 20, and 30) levels were selected to ensure that the color-difference tolerances did not exceed the color gamut of the CRT display. Twelve color centers distributed evenly every 30 degrees along each hue circle were assessed by a panel of eight observers, and the corresponding color-difference tolerances were obtained. The hue circle with L*=50 and C*ab=20 was assessed with three different visual scales (DeltaV=3.06, 5.92, and 8.87 CIELAB units), which ranged from small to large visual scales, while the remaining hue circles were observed only with the small visual scale. The lightness tolerances had no significant correlation with the hue angles, while chroma and hue tolerances showed considerable hue angle dependences. The color-difference tolerances were linearly proportional to the visual scales but with different slopes. The lightness tolerances with different lightness levels but the same chroma showed the crispening effect to some extent, while the chroma and hue tolerances decreased with the increment of the lightness. For the color-difference tolerances with different chroma levels but the same lightness, there was no correlation between the lightness tolerances and the chroma levels, while the chroma and hue tolerances were nearly linearly proportional to the chroma levels.