Colorectal Cancer (CRC): Investigating the Expression of the Suppressor of Fused (SuFu) Gene and Its Relationship with Several Inflammatory Blood-Based Biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Suppressor of fused (SuFu) is a tumor-suppressor gene that regulates hedgehog signaling. Its involvement in some malignancies is broadly accepted. However, its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis is not clear. Likewise, no study has clearly associated blood-based inflammatory biomarkers with cancer diagnosis/prognosis as yet. AIM: Our goal was to look at SuFu expression levels in CRC patients and its relationship with other clinicopathological factors. Additionally, we looked into the function of a few blood-based biomarkers in CRC and whether or not a combined strategy at the genetic and clinical levels can be applied in CRC. METHODS: The investigation included 98 histopathologically confirmed CRC samples and adjacent normal tissues (controls). A colonoscopy was followed by a targeted biopsy for each suspected colon cancer patient. A CT scan and MRI were also performed on every patient with rectal cancer. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used for assessment. A Beckman Coulter DxH900 was used to examine blood parameters. A Beckman Coulter DxI800 was used to identify pretreatment carcinoma embryonic antigens (CEA) and carbohydrate antigens (CA 19-9) in CRC patients. RESULTS: The expression of SuFu was associated with gender, education, passive smoking, tumor grade, perineural invasion (PNI), lymph node metastasis (LNM), node status, stage, vital status, and recurrence (p < 0.05). In the combined analysis, the areas under the curve produced by the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were the greatest (AUCRDW+PLR+NLR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the most severe pathological features were linked to RDW, PLR, NLR, and HPR. SuFu expression, node status, LNM, PNI, and stage all had significant correlations with OS and DFS rates in IHC-based univariate survival analysis (p < 0.05). According to the Cox regression, CA-19.9 had a strong independent predictive link with 3-year DFS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In CRC, SuFu was downregulated both transcriptionally and translationally, was primarily nucleo-cytoplasmic, and was expressed less in high-grade tumors. In addition, SuFu was linked to a poor overall and disease-free survival rate. It may be possible to use SuFu as a therapeutic target for CRC in the future. However, SuFu expression had no effect on RDW, PLR, NLR, or HPR serum levels.

Evaluation of Forkhead BOX M1 (FOXM1) gene expression in colorectal cancer.

Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1)-a key cell cycle regulator is a member of the Forkhead transcription factor family. It plays a key role in embryogenesis and cell proliferation and has been strongly linked to various solid tumors. We sought to understand the regulation of FOXM1 in colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as if and to what extent other clinicopathological characteristics are associated with FOXM1. The investigation comprised 98 CRC samples and normal tissues (controls). All colon cancer patients had a colonoscopy and targeted biopsy. All rectal cancer patients had a CT and MRI. Real-time PCR, Immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to evaluate FOXM1 expression, and the findings were analyzed using SPSS (v.26). FOXM1 mRNA and protein expression were substantially upregulated in tumor tissues, with the majority of these proteins localized in nucleo-cytoplasm. Elevated protein levels of FOXM1 were strongly correlated with lower education level, larger tumor size, lymph node status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), lymph node metastasis (LNM), tumor invasion depth (subserosal and serosal invasion), late stage (III and IV), localization (nucleo-cytoplasmic), intensity (strong) and recurrence. Based on survival analysis, FOXM1 overexpression and nucleo-cytoplasmic localization were associated with shorter disease-free survival while stage and PNI were linked to poorer overall and disease-free survival. According to the results of the Cox regression analysis, stage and PNI were significant predictors of prognosis in CRC patients. FOXM1 expression was elevated in CRC and was linked to reduced disease-free survival. These findings support prior reports and hence FOXM1 can be an important prognostic marker for CRC and a promising therapeutic target. Additionally, we found a link between poor disease-free survival and FOXM1's nucleo-cytoplasmic localization. However, since the sample size of this study was small, further research is needed to validate our findings.

Predictors of pathological complete response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.

Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) is an established treatment option for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Patients achieving pathological complete response (pCR) following NACRT have better oncological outcomes and may be subjected to wait and watch policy as well. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of pCR in LARC following NACRT. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained colorectal cancer database from January 2018 to December 2019 was undertaken. A total of 129 patients of LARC who were subjected to conventional long course NACRT, followed by surgery were included in the study. Pathological response to NACRT was assessed using Mandard grading system and response was categorized as pCR or not-pCR. Correlation between various clinico pathological parameters and pCR was determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Mean age of patients was 53.79 ± 1.303 years. Complete pathological response (Mandard Gr 1) was achieved in 24/129 (18.6%) patients. Age of patients more than 60 years (P = 0.011; odds ratio [OR] 3.194, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.274-8.011), interval between last dose of NACRT and surgery >8 weeks (P = 0.004; OR 4.833, 95% CI 1.874-12.467), well-differentiated tumors (P < 0.0001; OR 32.00, 95% CI 10.14-100.97) and node-negative disease (P = 0.003; OR 111.0, 95% CI 2.51-48.03) proved to be strong predictors of pCR. Conclusion: Older age, longer interval between NACRT and surgery, node-negative disease and favorable tumor grade help in achieving better pCR rates. Awareness of these variables can be valuable in counseling patients regarding prognosis and treatment options.

Fistulectomy and incontinence: do we really need to worry?

Background: Anal fistula is often considered to be a dilemma because of the need to maintain a fine balance between postoperative incontinence and recurrence. We tried to find whether apprehension of causing incontinence should stop us from performing fistulectomy. The aim of this study was to determine whether fistulectomy was associated with increased rate of fecal incontinence and recurrence, compared to other procedures used for the treatment of anal fistula. Methods: It was a prospective, single center, observational study. All patients with anal fistula operated at a tertiary care teaching institute over a period of two years were included in the study. Recurrence rates and fecal incontinence were compared between patients subjected to fistulectomy and other procedures for treatment of fistula in ano. Results: A total of 124 patients with anal fistula were included. 92.8% patients were ≤ 60 years of age with high male preponderance (89.5%). Perineal discharge was the commonest complaint (95.96%). Intersphincteric (47.58%) followed by transphincteric fistulas (45.16%) accounted for the majority of fistulas. Fistulectomy was the most common procedure, performed in 90 (72.58%) patients. Incontinence occurred in 8/90 (8.88%) from the fistulectomy group and 2/34 (5.9%) patients in other surgery group, p=0.726. Recurrence occurred in 8/90 (8.88%) from the fistulectomy group and 8/34 (23.5%) patients from other surgery group, p=0.038. Overall rates of incontinence and recurrence were 8.1% and 12.9% respectively. Conclusion: Fistulectomy, as compared to other procedures, results in less chances of recurrence without compromising continence.

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging: An Exciting and Problem-Solving Tool in Patients with Hepatic Metastases.

Background The diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is based on the random Brownian motion of water molecules that influences image contrast depending on different pathological conditions. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences including diffusion-weighted and gadobenate-enhanced MRI in the detection and characterization of liver lesions in a patient of known primary malignancy and to compare MRI with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of liver metastases. Methods All patients underwent a multiphase MRI. The final diagnosis was established by histopathological examination. Results A total of 43 patients of known primary malignancy were enrolled. MRI gave a provisional diagnosis of liver metastases in 21 patients and benign disease in 22 patients with histopathological correlation revealing two false-negative and one false-positive result. In the detection of lesions, DWI outscored other sequences (92.9 vs. 83.5% in hepatobiliary phase vs. 55.0% in T 2 -weighted sequences) with a statistically significant difference noted only in comparison with T 2 -weighted sequences ( p < 0.001). In 16 patients, MRI added new lesions that were not detected by CECT/USG. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting metastases were 90.9%/95.2% and 97.9%/96.8% for per-patient and per-lesion basis, respectively. Conclusion Multiphase MRI improved both the detection and characterization of liver metastases. Adding DWI to the routine MR sequences helped in detecting small liver metastases (<10 mm) not detected by other sequences.

Role of covering Ileostomy in causation of anastomotic strictures in low anterior resections for rectum carcinoma / O papel da ileostomia de proteção como causa das estenoses anastomóticas nas ressecções anteriores de reto

Abstract Background Colorectal resection anastomosis is the commonest cause of rectal strictures. Anastomotic site ischemia, incomplete doughnuts from stapled anastomosis and pelvic infection, are some of the risk factors that play a role in the development of postoperative rectal strictures. However, the role of diverting stoma in the development of rectal strictures has not been studied extensively. Objectives To study the difference in the occurrence of anastomotic strictures (AS) in patients submitted to low anterior resection (LAR) with covering ileostomy (CI), and to LAR without CI for carcinoma rectum. Methods This was a prospective, comparative case control study carried out at a tertiary care referral center. Low anterior resection with covering ileostomy was performed in patients with rectum carcinoma in the study group, while LAR without covering ileostomy was performed in the control group. The study group had 29 patients, while the control group had 33 patients with rectum carcinoma. Results During themean follow-up period of 9.1months, 8 (28%) patients in the study group and 2 (6%) patients in the control group developed AS (p =0.019). Out of these 8 patients with AS in the study group, 50% had Grade-I AS, 25% had Grade-II AS, while 25% of the patients had Grade-III (severe) AS. However, both patients who developed AS in the control group had a mild type (Grade I) of AS. Conclusion Covering ileostomy increases the chances of AS formation after LAR for rectum carcinoma. Also, the SKIMS Clinical Grading of Rectal Strictures is a simple and

Resumo Introdução A anastomose de ressecção colorretal é a causa mais comum de estenoses retais. A isquemia do local da anastomose, donuts (anéis) incompletos de anastomose grampeada e infecção pélvica são alguns dos fatores de risco que desempenham um papel no desenvolvimento de estenoses retais pós-operatórias. No entanto, o papel do estoma de desvio no desenvolvimento de estenoses retais não foi estudado extensivamente. Objetivos Estudar a diferença na ocorrência de estenoses anastomóticas (EA) em pacientes submetidos à ressecção anterior baixa (LAR) com ileostomia de proteção e a LAR sem ileostomia de proteção para carcinoma de reto. Métodos Este foi um estudo prospectivo e comparativo de caso-controle realizado em um centro de referência de atenção terciária. A ressecção anterior baixa com ileostomia de proteção foi realizada em pacientes com carcinoma de reto no grupo de estudo, enquanto LAR sem ileostomia de proteção foi realizada no grupo controle. O grupo de estudo tinha 29 pacientes, enquanto o grupo controle tinha 33 pacientes com carcinoma de reto. Resultados Durante o período de acompanhamento médio de 9, 1 meses, 8 (28%) pacientes no grupo de estudo e 2 (6%) pacientes no grupo controle desenvolveram EA (p=0,019). Destes 8 pacientes com EA no grupo de estudo, 50% tinham EA de Grau I, 25% tinhamEA de Grau II, enquanto 25% dos pacientes tinham EA de Grau III (grave). No entanto, ambos os pacientes que desenvolveram EA no grupo de controle tinham um tipo leve (Grau I) de EA. Conclusão A ileostomia de proteção aumenta as chances de formação de AS após LAR para carcinoma de reto. Além disso, o SKIMS Clinical Grading of Rectal Strictures é uma ferramenta simples e útil disponível para cada cirurgião para graduar, classificar e monitorar as estenoses retais pós-operatórias.

"PNR-Bleed" classification and Hemorrhoid Severity Score-a novel attempt at classifying the hemorrhoids / Classificação "PNR-Bleed" e escore de gravidade das hemorróidas - uma nova tentativa de classificação de hemorróidas

ABSTRACT Hemorrhoids are the most common anorectal disorders with a prevalence of 39% in general population. Hemorrhoids are generally classified on the basis of their location and degree of prolapse. Goligher's classification does not describe the number of hemorrhoidal columns involved and does not give much consideration to the amount of blood loss. To describe the hemorrhoidal disease more vividly, we devised the "PNR-Bleed" (or PNR-Booking) classification system. We tried to classify the hemorrhoids based on the four main characteristics of the hemorrhoidal disease i.e. the degree of hemorrhoidal Prolapse (P), Number (N) of the primary hemorrhoidal columns involved, Relation (R) of the hemorrhoidal tissue to dentate line and the amount of Bleeding (B) from it. All the four components in this classification system are graded into five grades ranging from 1 to 5. The peculiarity of this new classification system is that it allows more detailed documentation of the hemorrhoids in a particular patient and conveys more explicit meaning and information about the hemorrhoids for future references. Based on this 'PNR-Bleed' classification, we are introducing another concept of scoring the severity of hemorrhoids and referred it as the Hemorrhoid Severity Score (HSS). Hemorrhoid Severity Score (HSS) is the total score obtained by the sum of the numerical grades of all four characteristics of hemorrhoids in "PNR-Bleed" classification. This new "PNR-Bleed" system of classifying the hemorrhoids and calculation of HSS seems to be more comprehensive, detailed, more objective and easily reproducible.

RESUMO As hemorróidas são os distúrbios anorretais mais comuns, com uma prevalência de 39% na população em geral. As hemorróidas são geralmente classificadas com base em sua localização e grau de prolapso. A classificação de Goligher não descreve o número de colunas hemorroidais envolvidas e não dá muita importância à quantidade da perda de sangue. Para descrever a doença hemorroidária de maneira mais precisa, criamos o sistema de classificação "PNR-Bleed" (ou PNR-Booking). Tentamos classificar as hemorróidas com base nas quatro principais características da doença hemorroidária, isto é, o grau de prolapso da hemorroida (P), número (N) das colunas hemorroidais primárias envolvidas, a relação (R) do tecido hemorroidário para a linha denteada e a quantidade de sangramento (B) originando-se dele. Todos os quatro componentes deste sistema de classificação são classificados em cinco graus, variando de 1 a 5. A peculiaridade desse novo sistema de classificação é que ele permite uma documentação mais detalhada das hemorróidas em um paciente em particular e transmite o significado e informações mais explícitos sobre as hemorróidas. para referências futuras. Com base nessa classificação "PNR-Bleed", estamos introduzindo outro conceito para o escore da gravidade das hemorróidas e denominado HSS, de "Hemorrhoid Severity Score". O escore de gravidade da hemorroida (HSS) é o escore total obtido pela soma dos graus numéricos de todas as quatro características das hemorróidas na classificação "PNR-Bleed". Esse novo sistema "PNR-Bleed" de classificação de hemorróidas e cálculo do HSS parece ser mais abrangente, detalhado, mais objetivo e facilmente reproduzível.

Sonic Hedgehog Protein is Frequently Up-Regulated in Pancreatic Cancer Compared to Colorectal Cancer.

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a secreted protein which functions in autocrine or paracrine fashion on target cells to activate hedgehog (HH) signalling cascade responsible for growth and proliferation. This study is an attempt to understand the expression dynamics of SHH protein in colon, rectal and pancreatic cancers. Protein expression of SHH was studied by Western Blotting in the histologically confirmed colon, rectum and pancreatic cancer tissue samples along with their adjacent normal tissues. Only 31.4% (11 of 35) and 26.9% (7 of 26) of colon and rectal cancer cases respectively showed an increase in SHH expression in tumours compared to 72.7% (24 of 33) of the pancreatic cancer cases when compared with their adjacent normal tissues. Our results suggest that SHH may have a strong role in the predisposition of Pancreatic cancer and could possibly be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.

Nuclear localization and Overexpression of Smoothened in Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancers.

Smoothened (SMO) is a significant signalling protein which functions as a key transducer for the hedgehog signalling pathway, an important signalling mechanism with key roles in development and oncogenesis. The correlation of expression dynamics of SMO with pancreatic and colorectal cancer genesis has been known but with ambiguity. Therefore, in this study, we investigated messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of SMO in pancreatic and colorectal cancers in our population and assessed relationship with various clinicopathological parameters. Surgically resected tumour and adjacent histologically normal tissues from 33 and 61 pancreatic and colorectal cancer patients were investigated in the present study. Expression of SMO was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. At mRNA level, SMO was overexpressed in 72.72% (24 of 33) and 50.81% (31 of 61) of the pancreatic and colorectal cancer cases as compared with their adjacent normal tissues. SMO immunohistochemical analysis revealed nuclear localization and overexpression was observed in 51.51% (17 of 33) and 40.98% (25 of 61) of pancreatic and colorectal cancer tissues. SMO overexpression was significantly associated with smoking, late-stage disease and lymph node metastasis in patients with Colorectal cancer. Our results showed that SMO is dysregulated in pancreatic and colorectal cancers and may be considered as a target in cancer therapeutics.

Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma Recurrence in the Caecum.

Endometrial stromal sarcomas of uterus are quite rare. Most of the recurrences in these tumors are seen in the pelvis. However, extrapelvic recurrences and metastases to other parts are quite unusual. Here, we are reporting a rare case of caecal recurrence of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Case Report. A 52-year-old female presented to us with pain and lump in the right lower abdomen. The patient was earlier subjected to total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAHBSO) for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Postoperatively patient received radiotherapy but no hormone therapy. After 10 years of follow up patient presented with a polypoidal lesion in the caecum. Patient was evaluated fully and subjected to resection of this polypoidal lesion, which proved out to be high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Conclusion. Recurrence of endometrial stromal sarcoma in the caecum is very rare. However, this entity needs to be kept in mind for differential diagnosis of a caecal mass. Recurrence in such cases may present quite late.

Coloplasty Neorectum versus Straight Anastomosis in Low Rectal Cancers.

Introduction. Patients with the diagnosis of carcinoma rectum after random allocation were assigned to 2 groups. One group was subjected to total mesorectal excision with coloplasty neorectum reconstruction and another group to total mesorectal excision with straight anastomosis. This randomization was done by odds and even method by the sister in charge of the ward to avoid bias in randomization. The study included 42 patients with diagnosis of carcinoma rectum from 4 to 12 centimeters from anal verge. Composite incontinence score, bladder function, and sexual function were considered as the main outcome measures. Results. All patients of transverse coloplasty group had mild or moderate composite incontinence score while 7 (36.8%) patients of straight anastomosis group had a severe score at 7th POD (P < 0.05). At 6 months, 100% patients in transverse coloplasty group had a nil score which was not achieved by any of the patients in the other group. An intragroup comparison showed an improvement in score with time in both groups more marked in transverse coloplasty group. Conclusion. Transverse coloplasty group showed a better QOL so far as anal incontinence is considered. However, no statistically significant difference was achieved when comparing bladder and sexual dysfunction between the two groups.

Isolated small bowel mesentery injury after steering wheel trauma.

BACKGROUND: Isolated small gut mesentery injury after blunt abdominal trauma from the steering wheel in road traffic accidents is rare. These are always challenging to diagnose and pose a diagnostic dilemma. OBJECTIVES: To study the pattern of small gut mesenteric injury by steering wheel blunt abdominal trauma in road traffic accidents in patients who had laparotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 10-year retrospective study was done to study isolated small gut mesentery injury. RESULTS: All patients who had isolated mesenteric small gut injury were males. Jejunal mesentery was involved in 13 whereas 4 had ileal mesentery injury. Tear were longitudinal or transverse. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated small mesentery injury after blunt abdominal trauma from the steering wheel in road traffic accidents is rare. Tears are either longitudinal or transverse. Suture repair is to be done. Delay in reaching hospital or reaching the diagnosis could lead to morbidity and mortality. Isolated mesenteric injury should be considered in any patient with blunt abdominal trauma from steering wheel injury with no evidence of any solid organ injury in unstable patients.

Secondary tuberculosis of breast: case report.

Tuberculosis of breast is a rare disease which is difficult to differentiate from carcinoma of breast. The involvement of breast can be primary or secondary to some focus in body. A case of secondary tuberculosis of right breast in a 21-year-old female from Kashmir, India, is being reported. Presentation was as a painless discharging sinus of right breast. A tubercular foci of rib was the affecting source of disease. No other evidence of tuberculosis was present in the body. Resection of involved rib segment, along with the discharging sinus, was performed. The patient had antitubercular therapy for 9 months, with no recurrence seen in followup.

Breast gangrene.

BACKGROUND: Breast gangrene is rare in surgical practice. Gangrene of breast can be idiopathic or secondary to some causative factor. Antibiotics and debridement are used for management. Acute inflammatory infiltrate, severe necrosis of breast tissue, necrotizing arteritis, and venous thrombosis is observed on histopathology. The aim of was to study patients who had breast gangrene. METHODS: A prospective study of 10 patients who had breast gangrene over a period of 6 years were analyzed RESULTS: All the patients in the study group were female. Total of 10 patients were encountered who had breast gangrene. Six patients presented with breast gangrene on the right breast whereas four had on left breast. Out of 10 patients, three had breast abscess after teeth bite followed by gangrene, one had iatrogenic trauma by needle aspiration of erythematous area of breast under septic conditions. Four had history of application of belladonna on cutaneous breast abscess and had then gangrene. All were lactating female. Amongst the rest two were elderly, one of which was a diabetic who had gangrene of breast and had no application of belladonna. All except one had debridement under cover of broad spectrum antibiotics. Three patients had grafting to cover the raw area. CONCLUSION: Breast gangrene occurs rarely. Etiology is variable and mutifactorial. Teeth bite while lactation and the iatrogenic trauma by needle aspiration of breast abscess under unsterlised conditions could be causative. Uncontrolled diabetes can be one more causative factor for the breast gangrene. Belladonna application as a topical agent could be inciting factor. Sometimes gangrene of breast can be idiopathic. Treatment is antibiotics and debridement.

Jejunogastric intussusception presenting as tumor bleed.

Jejunogastric intussusception (JGI) is a rare but serious complication of previous gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy, and a delayed diagnosis can lead to catastrophe. It can present as hematemesis, and an endoscopist aware of the condition can diagnose it early. We present a case of JGI presenting as hematemesis and diagnosed as tumor bleed on endoscopy. Diagnosis of JGI was confirmed on laparotomy, gangrenous efferent limb was resected and a fresh gastrojejunostomy performed.

Encountering Meckel's diverticulum in emergency surgery for ascaridial intestinal obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. In children with intestinal ascariasis, the diverticulum remains asymptomatic or rarely the Ascaris lumbricoides may lead to its complications in the presence of massive intestinal roundworm load. Given that preoperative diagnosis is seldom carried out, when Meckel's diverticulum is found at laparotomy for obstructive intestinal complications of roundworm, the diverticulum should be removed as complications may occur at any time. The aim of this study was to describe the findings of concomitant presence of Meckel's diverticulum who had surgical intervention in symptomatic intestinal ascariasis in children. METHODS: A retrospective case review study of 14 children who had surgical intervention for symptomatic intestinal ascariasis having the presence of concomitant Meckel's diverticulum was done. The study was done at SMHS Hospital Srinagar, Kashmir. RESULTS: A total of the 14 children who had ascaridial intestinal obstruction with concomitant presence of Meckel's diverticulum were studied. Age of children ranged from 4-12 years, male:female ratio was 1.8:1. Nine patients had asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum, whereas 5 patients with symptomatic signs were found in the course of emergency surgery for ascaridial intestinal obstruction. CONCLUSION: Meckel's diverticulum in intestinal ascariasis may pursue silent course or may be accompanied with complications of the diverticulitis, perforation or the gangrene. Incidental finding of the Meckel's diverticulum in the intestinal ascariasis should have removal.

Spectrum of abdominal organ injury in a primary blast type.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal organ injury in a primary blast type is always challenging for diagnosis. Air containing abdominal viscera is most vulnerable to effects of primary blast injury. In any patient exposed to a primary blast wave who presents with an acute abdomen, an abdominal organ injury is to be kept in a clinical suspicion. AIM: Study various abdominal organ injuries occurring in a primary type of blast injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All those who had exploratory laparotomy for abdominal organ injuries after a primary blast injury for a period of 10 years from January 1998 - January 2008 were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: Total 154 patients had laparotomy for abdominal organ injuries with a primary blast type of injury. Small intestine was damaged in 48 patients (31.1%) followed by spleen in 22.7% cases. 54 patients (35.06%) had more than one organ injured. Liver laceration was present in 30 patients (19.48%). Multiple small gut perforations were present in 37 patients (77.08%). Negative laparotomy was found in 5 patients (3.24%) whereas 3 (1.94%) had re-exploration. Mortality was present in 6 patients (3.89%). CONCLUSIONS: Primary blast injury causes varied abdominal organ injuries. Single or multiple organ damage can be there. Small intestine is commonest viscera injured. Laparotomy gives final diagnosis.