Decreased expression of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases causes downregulation of OXPHOS subunits in type 2 diabetic muscle.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) affects millions of people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The skeletal muscle (SKM) is one of the most important tissues involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis and substrate oxidation, and it undergoes insulin resistance in T2D. In this study, we identify the existence of alterations in the expression of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) in skeletal muscle from two different forms of T2D: early-onset type 2 diabetes (YT2) (onset of the disease before 30 years of age) and the classical form of the disease (OT2). GSEA analysis from microarray studies revealed the repression of mitochondrial mt-aaRSs independently of age, which was validated by real-time PCR assays. In agreement with this, a reduced expression of several encoding mt-aaRSs was also detected in skeletal muscle from diabetic (db/db) mice but not in obese ob/ob mice. In addition, the expression of the mt-aaRSs proteins most relevant in the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, threonyl-tRNA, and leucyl-tRNA synthetases (TARS2 and LARS2) were also repressed in muscle from db/db mice. It is likely that these alterations participate in the reduced expression of proteins synthesized in the mitochondria detected in db/db mice. We also document an increased iNOS abundance in mitochondrial-enriched muscle fractions from diabetic mice that may inhibit aminoacylation of TARS2 and LARS2 by nitrosative stress. Our results indicate a reduced expression of mt-aaRSs in skeletal muscle from T2D patients, which may participate in the reduced expression of proteins synthesized in mitochondria. An enhanced mitochondrial iNOS could play a regulatory role in diabetes.

Sociodemographic variables as predictors of adverse outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an Irish hospital experience.

INTRODUCTION: Our hospital found itself at the epicentre of the Irish COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the organisational challenges faced in managing the surge and identified risk factors for mortality and ICU admission among hospitalised SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. METHODS: All hospitalised SARS-CoV-2 patients diagnosed between March 13 and May 1, 2020, were included. Demographic, referral, deprivation, ethnicity and clinical data were recorded. Multivariable regression, including age-adjusted hazard ratios (HR (95% CI), was used to explore risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Of 257 inpatients, 174 were discharged (68%) and 39 died (15%) in hospital. Two hundred three (79%) patients presented from the community, 34 (13%) from care homes and 20 (8%) were existing inpatients. Forty-five percent of community patients were of a non-Irish White or Black, Asian or minority ethnic (BAME) population, including 34 Roma (13%) compared to 3% of care home and 5% of existing inpatients, (p < 0.001). Twenty-two patients were healthcare workers (9%). Of 31 patients (12%) requiring ICU admission, 18 were discharged (58%) and 7 died (23%). Being overweight/obese HR (95% CI) 3.09 (1.32, 7.23), p = 0.009; a care home resident 2.68 (1.24, 5.6), p = 0.012; socioeconomically deprived 1.05 (1.01, 1.09), p = 0.012; and older 1.04 (1.01, 1.06), p = 0.002 were significantly associated with death. Non-Irish White or BAME were not significantly associated with death 1.31 (0.28, 6.22), p = 0.63 but were significantly associated with ICU admission 4.38 (1.38, 14.2), p = 0.014 as was being overweight/obese 2.37 (1.37, 6.83), p = 0.01. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented organisational issues for our hospital resulting in the greatest surge in ICU capacity above baseline of any Irish hospital. Being overweight/obese, a care home resident, socioeconomically deprived and older were significantly associated with death, while ethnicity and being overweight/obese were significantly associated with ICU admission.

Transcriptome analysis of proximal tubular cells (HK-2) exposed to urines of type 1 diabetes patients at risk of early progressive renal function decline.

BACKGROUND: In patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) who develop microalbuminuria, progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may be initiated by leakage into the urine of toxic proteins (txUPs). This study tested this hypothesis. METHODS: After archiving baseline urine, we followed T1D patients with microalbuminuria for 8-12 years to distinguish those in whom GFR declined (Decliners) and those in whom it remained stable (Non-decliners). Human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells) were grown in serum-free medium enriched with pooled urines from Decliners or Non-decliners. We determined genome-wide expression profiles in extracted mRNA. RESULTS: The two pooled urines induced differential expression of 312 genes. In terms of gene ontology, molecular functions of the 119 up-regulated genes were enriched for protein binding and peptidase inhibitor activities. Their biologic processes were enriched for defense response, responses to other organisms, regulation of cellular processes, or response to stress or stimulus, and programmed cell death. The 195 down-regulated genes were disproportionately represented in molecular functions of cation binding, hydrolase activity, and DNA binding. They were disproportionately represented in biological processes for regulation of metabolic processes, nucleic acid metabolic processes, cellular response to stress and macromolecule biosynthesis. The set of up-regulated genes in HK-2 cells overlaps significantly with sets of over-expressed genes in tubular and interstitial compartments of kidney biopsies from patients with advanced DN (33 genes in one study and 25 in the other compared with 10.3 expected by chance, p<10(-9) and p<10(-4), respectively). The overlap included genes encoding chemokines and cytokines. Overlap of down-regulated genes was no more than expected by chance. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular processes in tubules and interstitium seen in advanced diabetic nephropathy can be induced in vitro by exposure to urine from patients with minimal microalbuminuria who subsequently developed progressive renal function decline, presumably due to putative txUPs.

The pseudokinase tribbles homolog 3 interacts with ATF4 to negatively regulate insulin exocytosis in human and mouse beta cells.

Insufficient insulin secretion and reduced pancreatic beta cell mass are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Here, we confirm that a previously identified polymorphism (rs2295490/Q84R) in exon 2 of the pseudokinase-encoding gene tribbles 3 (TRB3) is associated with an increased risk for T2DM in 2 populations of people of mixed European descent. Carriers of the 84R allele had substantially reduced plasma levels of C-peptide, the product of proinsulin processing to insulin, suggesting a role for TRB3 in beta cell function. Overexpression of TRB3 84R in mouse beta cells, human islet cells, and the murine beta cell line MIN6 revealed reduced insulin exocytosis, associated with a marked reduction in docked insulin granules visualized by electron microscopy. Conversely, knockdown of TRB3 in MIN6 cells restored insulin secretion and expression of exocytosis genes. Further analysis in MIN6 cells demonstrated that TRB3 interacted with the transcription factor ATF4 and that this complex acted as a competitive inhibitor of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) transcription factor in the regulation of key exocytosis genes. In addition, the 84R TRB3 variant exhibited greater protein stability than wild-type TRB3 and increased binding affinity to Akt. Mice overexpressing TRB3 84R in beta cells displayed decreased beta cell mass, associated with reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis rates. These data link a missense polymorphism in human TRB3 to impaired insulin exocytosis and thus increased risk for T2DM.

Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Despite extensive evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, the identification of susceptibility genes and their variants has had limited success. To search for genes that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a genome-wide association scan was implemented on the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes collection. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We genotyped approximately 360,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 820 case subjects (284 with proteinuria and 536 with end-stage renal disease) and 885 control subjects with type 1 diabetes. Confirmation of implicated SNPs was sought in 1,304 participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a long-term, prospective investigation of the development of diabetes-associated complications. RESULTS: A total of 13 SNPs located in four genomic loci were associated with diabetic nephropathy with P < 1 x 10(-5). The strongest association was at the FRMD3 (4.1 protein ezrin, radixin, moesin [FERM] domain containing 3) locus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, P = 5.0 x 10(-7)). A strong association was also identified at the CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) locus (OR = 1.36, P = 3.1 x 10(-6)). Associations between both loci and time to onset of diabetic nephropathy were supported in the DCCT/EDIC study (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = 0.02, and HR = 1.32, P = 0.01, respectively). We demonstratedexpression of both FRMD3 and CARS in human kidney. CONCLUSIONS: We identified genetic associations for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy at two novel candidate loci near the FRMD3 and CARS genes. Their identification implicates previously unsuspected pathways in the pathogenesis of this important late complication of type 1 diabetes.

Exclusion of polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) as a cause of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: results of large case-control and follow-up studies.

OBJECTIVES: Recently, an association was found between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite, located in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) on chromosome 18q. Alleles of this microsatellite encode for a variable number of leucine residues (from four to seven) in the leader peptide of the carnosinase precursor. The frequency of subjects homozygous for the five leucines was higher in control subjects than in case subjects in studies focusing on type 2 diabetic patients. To test whether this finding can be extended to type 1 diabetic patients, we carried out a comprehensive study on association between diabetic nephropathy and the D18S880 microsatellite and 21 additional SNPs that tagged the genomic region containing CNDP1 and CNDP2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Overall, 1,269 Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes were included in the study, including 613 patients with normoalbuminuria and a long duration of diabetes, 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, and 211 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). All patients were genotyped for selected polymorphisms, the associations with diabetic nephropathy were tested by a chi(2) test, and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: We did not find any significant association between diabetic nephropathy and any examined genetic markers. The negative findings of the case-control study were supported further by negative findings obtained from the 6-year follow-up study of 445 patients with persistent proteinuria, during which 135 patients developed ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: Our large, comprehensive study did not find an association between the D18S880 microsatellite or any other polymorphisms in the CNDP2-CNDP1 genomic region and susceptibility for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.

High-density single nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide linkage scan for susceptibility genes for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: discordant sibpair approach.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological and family studies have demonstrated that susceptibility genes play an important role in the etiology of diabetic nephropathy, defined as persistent proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: To efficiently search for genomic regions harboring diabetic nephropathy genes, we conducted a scan using 5,382 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms on 100 sibpairs concordant for type 1 diabetes but discordant for diabetic nephropathy. In addition to being powerful for detecting linkage to diabetic nephropathy, this design allows linkage analysis on type 1 diabetes via traditional affected sibpair (ASP) analysis. In weighing the evidence for linkage, we considered maximum logarithm of odds score (maximum likelihood score [MLS]) values and corresponding allelic sharing patterns, calculated and viewed graphically using the software package SPLAT. RESULTS: Our primary finding for diabetic nephropathy, broadly defined, is on chromosome 19q (MLS = 3.1), and a secondary peak exists on chromosome 2q (MLS = 2.1). Stratification of discordant sibpairs based on whether disease had progressed to ESRD suggested four tertiary peaks on chromosome 1q (ESRD only), chromosome 20p (proteinuria only), and chromosome 3q (two loci 58 cm apart, one for ESRD only and another for proteinuria only). Additionally, analysis of 130 ASPs for type 1 diabetes confirmed the linkage to the HLA region on chromosome 6p (MLS = 9.2) and IDDM15 on chromosome 6q (MLS = 3.1). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified several novel loci as candidates for diabetic nephropathy, none of which appear to be the sole genetic determinant of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. In addition, this study confirms two previously reported type 1 diabetes loci.

Clinical application of 1,5-anhydroglucitol measurements in patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

OBJECTIVE: 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a short-term marker of metabolic control in diabetes. Its renal loss is stimulated in hyperglycemic conditions by glycosuria, which results in a lowered plasma concentration. As a low renal threshold for glucose has been described in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha) maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), the 1,5-AG level may be altered in these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the 1,5-AG levels in patients with HNF-1alpha MODY and in type 2 diabetic subjects with a similar degree of metabolic control. In addition, we aimed to evaluate this particle as a biomarker for HNF-1alpha MODY. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included 33 diabetic patients from the Polish Nationwide Registry of MODY. In addition, we examined 43 type 2 diabetic patients and 47 nondiabetic control subjects. The 1,5-AG concentration was measured with an enzymatic assay (GlycoMark). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate 1,5-AG as a screening marker for HNF-1alpha MODY. RESULTS: The mean 1,5-AG plasma concentration in diabetic HNF-1alpha mutation carriers was 5.9 microg/ml, and it was lower than that in type 2 diabetic patients (11.0 microg/ml, P = 0.003) and in nondiabetic control subjects (23.9 microg/ml, P < 0.00005). The ROC curve analysis revealed 85.7% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity of 1,5-AG in screening for HNF-1alpha MODY at the criterion of <6.5 microg/ml in patients with an A1C level between 6.5 and 9.0%. CONCLUSIONS: 1,5-AG may be a useful biomarker for differential diagnosis of patients with HNF-1alpha MODY with a specific range of A1C, although this requires further investigation. However, the clinical use of this particle in diabetic HNF-1alpha mutation carriers for metabolic control has substantial limitations.

Alanine variant of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma gene might be associated with decreased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Molecular background of diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unknown. An interesting group of candidate genes encode proteins involved in insulin resistance. AIM: To search for association between the PPARgamma, calpain 10, PTPN1 genes and DR in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We examined 238 T2DM subjects without DR (NDR) and 121 with DR (mean diabetes duration: 9.1+/-6.8 and 15.1+/-7.7, respectively). The subjects were genotyped for four markers: Pro12Ala of PPARgamma, SNP43 of calpain 10, rs3787345 and rs754118 of PTPN1. The distributions of the genotypes were compared using the chi(2)-test and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The alleles and genotypes were not associated with DR in non-stratified analysis. To investigate the impact of T2DM duration, we performed analysis that excluded short duration NDR subjects and long-duration DR subjects. It allowed obtaining groups with similar T2DM duration but different DR status (DR: 88 individuals, 11.4+/-5.3 years; NDR: 136 individuals, 13.2 years+/-6.2, respectively). This analysis suggested that the alanine variant of Pro12Ala might be associated with decreased risk of DR (p=0.026 for alleles, p=0.038 and p=0.014 for genotypes in additive and dominant models, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression that included non-genetic parameters, Pro12Ala was not an independent risk factor (p=0.28). Further analysis showed, however, that Pro12Ala remained significant when urea level was excluded from the model. CONCLUSION: The alanine variant of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma might be associated with decreased risk of DR in T2DM. This effect may be indirect, at least in part, due to diabetic kidney disease.

Evaluation of Apolipoprotein M Serum Concentration as a Biomarker of HNF-1alpha MODY.

Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a 26-kDa protein expressed mainly in the liver and kidneys. It is present predominantly in high-density lipoproteins (HDL). ApoM expression is influenced by the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha), which is a transcription factor associated with the pathogenesis of MODY. Some earlier data suggested that apoM levels were lower in the serum of HNF-1alpha MODY subjects, than in that of other diabetics and healthy controls. The aim of this study was to evaluate apoM as a biomarker for HNF-1alpha MODY. We included in this study 48 HNF-1alpha mutation carriers (40 diabetic patients and 8 subjects with normal glucose levels in the fasted state) from the Polish Nationwide Registry of MODY. In addition, we examined 55 T2DM patients and 55 apparently healthy volunteers who had normal fasting glucose levels. ApoM was measured by the sandwich dot-blot technique with recombinant apoM (Abnova) as a protein standard, mouse anti-human apoM monoclonal primary antibody and rat anti-mouse HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (BD Biosciences). Mean apoM level in the MODY group was 13.6 mug/ml, SD 1.9 (13.5 mug/ml, SD 1.7 in diabetic subjects and 13.9 mug/ml, SD 2.0 in non-diabetic mutation carriers respectively). In the T2DM group, mean apoM level was 13.7 mug/ml, SD 2.1, while it reached 13.8 mug/ml, SD 2.0 in healthy controls. There was no difference between apoM serum concentrations in all the study groups. In summary, our study showed no association between HNF-1alpha mutations resulting in MODY phenotype and apoM levels. Thus, we cannot confirm the clinical usefulness of apoM as a biomarker of HNF-1alpha MODY.

New polymorphism of ENPP1 (PC-1) is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among obese individuals.

The K121Q polymorphism in ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity. The possibility of other ENPP1 polymorphisms influencing these phenotypes has received little attention. Our aim was to examine the associations of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block containing K121Q polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in a Polish population, controlling for any effect of obesity. We genotyped 426 type 2 diabetic case and 370 control subjects for seven SNPs in ENPP1. In the total group, neither type 2 diabetes nor obesity was significantly associated with any SNP. However, in obese subjects, two SNPs were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes: the Q allele of K121Q (odds ratio 1.6 [95% CI 1.003-2.6]) and T allele of rs997509 (4.7 [1.6-13.9]). In the LD block, four SNPs plus the K121Q polymorphism distinguished six haplotypes, three of which carried the Q allele. Interestingly, the T allele of rs997509 sufficed to distinguish a 121Q-carrying haplotype that was significantly more associated with type 2 diabetes than the other two (4.2 [1.3-13.5]). These other two 121Q-carrying haplotypes were not associated with type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, we found a new SNP, rs997509, in intron 1 that is strongly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. The molecular mechanisms underlying this association are unknown.

Assessment of insulin sensitivity in adults with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus due to mutations in the KCNJ11 gene encoding Kir6.2.

Activating mutations in the KCNJ11 gene encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of ATP-sensitive potassium channel have been described in patients with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). The main pathophysiological feature of PNDM associated with Kir6.2 mutations is a profound defect in insulin secretion. However, the expression of Kir6.2 protein is not limited to beta-cells; it also includes skeletal muscles, heart, brain, and peripheral nerves. Thus, the hypothesis that Kir6.2 mutations may influence insulin sensitivity in humans seems justified. Moreover, this notion is additionally supported by an animal model of Kir6.2 knock-out mice. Four adult carriers of a Kir6.2 mutation from the Polish population (mean age 31.5 years, range 20-50) were available for this study that aimed to evaluate their insulin sensitivity by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. Three subjects carried the R201H mutation and one patient was a carrier of the K170N mutation. In addition, eight healthy volunteers with normal glucose tolerance were examined for comparison (mean age 31.0 years, range 20-41). The mean M value, i.e. the amount of metabolized glucose, for PNDM cases equaled 4.49 mg/(kg x min) (range 2.76-6.66) and was significantly lower than in the control group (9.64 mg/(kg x min), range 4.59-18.00). This observation suggests that impaired insulin sensitivity, in addition to profoundly decreased insulin secretion, contributes to the clinical picture of PNDM resulting from mutations in the Kir6.2 gene. An additional factor that might influence insulin sensitivity in our diabetes patients is glucose toxicity that may have appeared due to poor metabolic control prior to the examination (mean HbA1c = 8.95%). The intriguing question to be answered in the future is whether an improvement in insulin action could be seen following the transfer of Kir6.2 mutation carriers to sulphonylurea compounds.

Vitamin D binding protein gene and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population.

Polymorphisms of the genes involved in the metabolism of vitamin D may predispose to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For example, there is evidence suggesting that vitamin D binding protein (DBP) amino acid variants at codons 416 (aspartic acid-->glutamic acid) and 420 (threonine-->lysine) may affect genetic susceptibility to T2DM. The aims of this study are: (1) to determine the allele, genotype, haplotype and haplotype combination frequencies of those DBP amino acid variants in a Polish population and (2) to examine their role in the genetic susceptibility to T2DM in a Polish population. Overall 393 individuals were included in this study: 231 T2DM patients and 162 controls. The sequence of DBP exon 11, which contains both examined variants, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Alleles and genotypes were determined based on electrophoresis of the DNA digestion products by specific restriction enzymes HaeIII and StyI. Since variants of DBP were in very strong linkage disequilibrium, haplotypes could be assigned to phase-unknown individuals. Differences in distributions between the groups were examined by chi(2) test. At codon 416 the frequency of Asp/Glu alleles was 44.6/55.4% in T2DM patients and 40.7/59.3% in controls (chi(2)=2.1, d.f.=1, P=0.28). At codon 420 the frequency of Thr/Lys alleles were 69.4/30.6% and 71.6/28.4%, (chi(2)=0.41, d.f.=1, P=0.52), respectively. Distribution of genotypes, haplotypes and haplotype combinations were similar in both groups. In conclusion, the frequency of amino acid variants at codons 416 and 420 of vitamin D binding protein gene in a Polish population is similar to other Caucasian populations, but differs significantly from other races. No evidence was found for an association between DBP frequent polymorphisms and T2DM in this population.

Homozygous combination of calpain 10 gene haplotypes is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population.

OBJECTIVE: The polymorphisms of two genes have recently been associated with complex forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): calpain 10 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). Calpain 10 is a member of a large family of intracellular proteases. It was shown in Mexican-Americans and other populations that variants of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), -43, -19, and -63, of this ubiquitously expressed protein influence susceptibility to T2DM. However, substantial differences were shown between ethnic groups in at risk alleles and haplotypes as well as in their attributable risk. Thus, it is important to determine the role of calpain 10 in various populations. AIM: To examine the role of calpain 10 SNPs -43, -19, and -63 in genetic susceptibility to T2DM in a Polish population. METHODS: Overall, 377 individuals were examined: 229 T2DM patients and 148 control individuals. The groups were genotyped for calpain 10 SNP-43, SNP-19, and SNP-63. SNP-19 was examined by electrophoresis of the PCR product on agarose gel by size, while the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was used for the two other markers. Differences in allele, genotype, haplotype, and haplotype combination distribution between the groups were examined by chi(2) test. RESULTS: Distributions of alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes at three loci defined by examined SNPs were not significantly different between the groups. However, the homozygote combination of 121 haplotype was more prevalent in the T2DM group than in the controls (17.9% vs 10.1%, P=0.039). No difference was observed in the 112/121 haplotype distribution. This heterozygous haplotype combination was associated with increased risk of T2DM in several populations. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest the association of calpain 10 121/121 haplotype combination created by SNPs -43, -19, and -63 with T2DM in a Polish population. However, we were not able to confirm the previously described role of the heterozygous 112/121 haplotype combination in susceptibility to T2DM.

[TNF-alpha PC-1 gene polymorphisms and pre-diabetes quantitative features in the Polish population]. / Wybrane polimorfizmy w genach TNF-alpha i PC-1 a przedcukrzycowe cechy ilosciowe w populacji polskiej.

BACKGROUND: Genetics and environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the complex disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two major pathophysiological defects coexist in this disease: impairment of insulin secretion by beta-cells and decreased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. The aim of the study was to examine whether two polymorphisms: the -308 G/A substitution in the promoter region of TNF-alpha gene and the K121Q amino acid variant of the PC-1 gene; influence insulin resistance in individuals with positive family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Sixty individuals were included into this study: 28 women and 32 men, all of them with normal glucose tolerance. Insulin and glucose serum levels were were assessed during the OGTT on fasting and at 30 and 120 minutes. Secondary indices of insulin resistance were calculated based on these measurements. Genotyping of the both examined polymorphisms was performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP). RESULTS: Homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the A allele in position -308 of the TNF-alpha gene promoter showed higher plasma insulin levels at 120 min OGTT versus GG carriers (44.77 microliters/ml; SD 40.4 vs. 26.82; SD 19.9; p = 0.04) and a higher ratio of the 30 min increment in insulin to the 30 min increment in glucose (35.4; SD 21.5 vs. 22.6: SD 21.5; p = 0.03). In addition, homo- and heterozygous carriers of the Q allele at residue 121 of the PC-1 gene showed higher plasma glucose levels at 120 min OGTT compared to the KK subjects (5.38 mmol/l, SD 1.19 vs. 4.48, SD 1.11; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that both examined polymorphisms: the -308 G/A in the promoter region of TNF-alpha and K121Q amino acid variant of the PC-1; influence the development of insulin resistance as a prediabetic quantitative trait in a Polish population.