Preterm preeclampsia in relation to country of birth.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between maternal country of birth and the risk of preeclampsia+preterm birth (PTB). STUDY DESIGN: We completed a population-based study in the entire province of Ontario, where there is universal access to obstetrical care. We included 881 700 singleton livebirths among Canadian-born mothers and 305 547 births among immigrant mothers. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) were adjusted for maternal age, parity and income quintile. RESULTS: Compared with a rate of preeclampsia+PTB of 4.0 per 1000 among Canadian-born mothers, the aRR of preeclampsia+PTB at 24 to 36 weeks was significantly higher for immigrant women from Nigeria (1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12 to 2.84), the Philippines (1.54, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.86), Colombia (1.68, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.73), Jamaica (2.06, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.57) and Ghana (2.12, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.21). The aRRs generally followed a similar pattern for secondary outcomes. Specifically, women from Ghana were at highest risk of preeclampsia+very PTB (4.55, 95% CI 2.57 to 8.06), and women from Jamaica at the highest risk of preeclampsia+indicated PTB (1.89, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.50). CONCLUSION: The risk of preeclampsia+PTB is highest among women from a select number of countries. This information can enhance initiatives aimed at reducing the risk of PTB related to preeclampsia.

Estimating cancer risk in relation to tritium exposure from routine operation of a nuclear-generating station in Pickering, Ontario.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that current levels of tritium emissions from CANDU reactors in Canada are not related to adverse health effects. However, these studies lack tritium-specific dose data and have small numbers of cases. The purpose of our study was to determine whether tritium emitted from a nuclear-generating station during routine operation is associated with risk of cancer in Pickering, Ontario. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was formed through linkage of Pickering and north Oshawa residents (1985) to incident cancer cases (1985-2005). We examined all sites combined, leukemia, lung, thyroid and childhood cancers (6-19 years) for males and females as well as female breast cancer. Tritium estimates were based on an atmospheric dispersion model, incorporating characteristics of annual tritium emissions and meteorology. Tritium concentration estimates were assigned to each cohort member based on exact location of residence. Person-years analysis was used to determine whether observed cancer cases were higher than expected. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine whether tritium was associated with radiation-sensitive cancers in Pickering. RESULTS: Person-years analysis showed female childhood cancer cases to be significantly higher than expected (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-3.38). The issue of multiple comparisons is the most likely explanation for this finding. Cox models revealed that female lung cancer was significantly higher in Pickering versus north Oshawa (HR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.23-4.46) and that tritium was not associated with increased risk. The improved methodology used in this study adds to our understanding of cancer risks associated with low-dose tritium exposure. CONCLUSION: Tritium estimates were not associated with increased risk of radiationsensitive cancers in Pickering.

TITRE: Estimation du risque de cancer lié à l'exposition au tritium dans le cadre des activités courantes de la centrale nucléaire de Pickering (Ontario). INTRODUCTION: D'après les données dont nous disposons, les niveaux actuels des émissions de tritium provenant des réacteurs CANDU au Canada n'entraîneraient pas d'effets néfastes sur la santé. Toutefois, les études ne précisent pas les doses spécifiques au tritium, et reposent sur un petit nombre de cas. La présente étude avait pour but de déterminer si le tritium émis par la centrale nucléaire de Pickering, en Ontario, lors de ses activités courantes, est associé à un risque de cancer. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons constitué une cohorte rétrospective en couplant les données sur les résidents de Pickering et de North Oshawa (1985) à celles sur les nouveaux cas de cancer (1985-2005). Nous avons examiné les cas de cancer tous sièges combinés, ainsi que les cas de leucémie, de cancer du poumon, de cancer de la thyroïde et de cancer infantile (6-19 ans) pour les sujets de sexe masculin et féminin, de même que les cas de cancer du sein chez la femme. Les estimations de la concentration de tritium reposaient sur un modèle de dispersion atmosphérique qui intégrait les caractéristiques des émissions annuelles de tritium et les données météorologiques. Chaque membre de la cohorte s'est vu assigner une estimation de la concentration de tritium, en fonction de son lieu précis de résidence. Une analyse des années-personnes a permis de déterminer si les cas de cancer observés étaient plus nombreux que prévus. Un modèle de régression des risques proportionnels de Cox a servi à établir si le tritium était associé à des cancers radiosensibles à Pickering. RÉSULTATS: Une analyse des années-personnes a révélé que le nombre de cas de cancer chez les jeunes filles était significativement plus élevé que prévu (rapport standardisé d'incidence [RSI] = 1,99, intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 1,08 à 3,38). L'explication la plus plausible de cette observation est le recours à des comparaisons multiples. Les modèles de Cox ont révélé que le cancer du poumon chez la femme était significativement plus élevé à Pickering qu'à North Oshawa (RR = 2,34; IC à 95 % : 1,23 à 4,46) et que le tritium n'était pas associé à une augmentation du risque. La méthodologie améliorée de la présente étude nous permet de mieux comprendre les risques de cancer associés à une exposition à de faibles doses de tritium. CONCLUSION: Les doses estimées de tritium n'ont pas été associées à une augmentation du risque de cancers radiosensibles à Pickering.

Changes in neuropsychological functioning during alcohol detoxification.

This study investigates changes in neuropsychological functioning during early abstinence from alcohol. 30 alcohol-dependent inpatients were tested at intake (day 4 of admission) and post detoxification (day 26), using a test-retest design. The neuropsychological battery included measures of pre-morbid IQ, full-scale IQ, verbal and non-verbal measures of memory and executive function. IQ was within the normal range at intake and comparable with age-adjusted normative values and there were some impairments in memory and executive function. There were significant increases in performance scores post detoxification in working memory, verbal fluency and verbal inhibition but not in non-verbal executive function tasks (mental flexibility and planning ability). Despite increased scores on tests of verbal and memory skills after 3 weeks of abstinence, complex executive abilities showed little change. These may have a negative impact on engagement and response to treatment and compromise clinical outcomes, heightening the risk of relapse.

Effects of training community staff in interventions for substance misuse in dual diagnosis patients with psychosis (COMO study): cluster randomised trial.

A cluster randomised controlled trial was used to investigate the effectiveness of training staff in 13 London community mental health teams (CMHTs) to deliver substance misuse interventions to patients with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse ('dual diagnosis'). The primary hypotheses, which were that experimental group patients would spend fewer daysin hospital over 18 months of follow-up and show reduced alcohol and drug consumption, were not confirmed, although confidence intervals were wide for some outcomes. Current UK policy guidance advocates training CMHT professionals to deliver dual diagnosis interventions, but the effectiveness of this strategy has not so far been demonstrated.

A cognitive behavioural intervention to reduce sexually transmitted infections among gay men: randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention in reducing the incidence of sexually transmitted infections among gay men. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with 12 months' follow up. SETTING: Sexual health clinic in London. PARTICIPANTS: 343 gay men with an acute sexually transmitted infection or who reported having had unprotected anal intercourse in the past year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of new sexually transmitted infections diagnosed during follow up and self reported incidence of unprotected anal intercourse. RESULTS: 72% (361/499) of men invited to enter the study did so. 90% (308/343) of participants returned at least one follow up questionnaire or re-attended the clinic and requested a check up for sexually transmitted infections during follow up. At baseline, 37% (63/172) of the intervention group and 30% (50/166) of the control group reported having had unprotected anal intercourse in the past month. At 12 months, the proportions were 27% (31/114) and 32% ( 39/124) respectively (P=0.56). However, 31% (38/123) of the intervention group and 21% (35/168) of controls had had at least one new infection diagnosed at the clinic (adjusted odds ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.74). Considering only men who requested a check up for sexually transmitted infections, the proportion diagnosed with a new infection was 58% (53/91) for men in the intervention group and 43% (35/81) for men in the control group (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 0.99 to 3.40). Using a regional database that includes information from 23 sexual health clinics in London, we determined that few participants had attended other sexual health clinics. CONCLUSIONS: This behavioural intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver, but it did not reduce the risk of acquiring a new sexually transmitted infection among these gay men at high risk. Even carefully designed interventions should not be assumed to bring benefit. It is important to evaluate their effects in randomised trials with objective clinical end points.

Effects of methadone on cognition, mood and craving in detoxifying opiate addicts: a dose-response study.

RATIONALE: Methadone is the most widespread pharmacological treatment for opiate dependency but relatively little is known of its effects on cognitive and psychomotor functioning, drug craving and mood. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess the acute effects of methadone in patients admitted to an opiate detoxification programme. METHODS: Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups who received either 50% or 100% of their daily stabilisation dose, and a placebo, in a double-blind, cross-over design. Twenty patients completed the study, all were assessed pre- and post-drug on 2 separate testing days. RESULTS: Performance on a task tapping episodic memory (delayed recall of a prose passage) was significantly impaired following the 100% daily dose of methadone. Methadone treatment had no effect on craving or mood. Patients were unable to distinguish between methadone and placebo treatments. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of methadone can induce episodic memory impairment in patients who have a history of heroin use averaging more than 10 years. Such impairment can be avoided by giving methadone in divided doses.

GPs' attitudes towards the treatment of drug misusers.

General practitioners (GPs) are encouraged to play a major part in the care and treatment of drug users; however, many regularly encounter physical or verbal abuse and feel frustration, disappointment, and disillusionment when treating such patients. Furthermore, communication difficulties between doctor and patient and the advent of HIV serve to intensify these problems. In order to address these issues, a questionnaire survey was carried out to assess what proportion of GPs are commonly employed in the management of drug misusers, and to examine the attitudes towards, and knowledge of, the management of these patients. The results show that this group of GPs are concerned about drug misuse in their immediate geographic area and believe it should be detected in general practice. Despite this, fewer than half of the GPs felt they had adequate knowledge of the issues surrounding opiate misuse. This finding certainly raises the question of the availability of training and education in the area of drug misuse.

Additional methadone increases craving for heroin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chronic opiate users receiving methadone substitution treatment.

AIMS: To assess the acute-on-chronic effects of methadone on drug craving, mood and cognitive and psychomotor functioning in patients on long-term methadone substitution treatment. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A double-blind, cross-over design was used to compare the effects of a 33% increase in patient's daily dosage of methadone with a matched placebo linctus. Eighteen patients completed the study; all were assessed pre- and post-drug on two separate testing days. FINDINGS: Methadone significantly increased both positive craving (expected positive effects) and negative craving (expected relief of withdrawal discomfort) for heroin. Patients were unable to distinguish between methadone and placebo treatments. No differences between treatments emerged in cognitive or psychomotor effects. In terms of mood, patients were more alert and more contented following placebo than following methadone. CONCLUSIONS: Additional methadone may "prime" cravings for heroin in methadone substitution patients.

The use of a structured assessment interview as an intervention to reduce dropout rates in outpatient relapse prevention groups for "problem" drinkers.

The problem of dropout rates in outpatient relapse prevention groups for "problem" drinkers is addressed. To test the hypothesis that the dropout rates were due to anxiety and lack of clarity among the participants about the purpose and expectations of the group, a structured induction was developed. The results obtained show that the induction made a significant difference in reducing the dropout rate. These findings can also be applied to other outpatient groups.

Clients' preferences for styles of therapy.

Clients' preferences for different styles of therapy were studied by showing videos depicting five different styles (psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural, humanistic, external and naïve) to psychiatric day hospital patients. After seeing each video, clients rated credibility, personal preference, and the depth and smoothness subscales of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire. Credibility and personal preference were highly correlated. Overall, clients had clear differential preferences between styles. The cognitive-behavioural style was preferred to other styles in all measures. There were only weak associations between individual difference variables and preferences.