Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues in monogenic syndromic obesity: Real-world data from a large cohort of Alström syndrome patients.

AIM: To examine the real-world efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in monogenic obesity in patients with Alström syndrome (ALMS). METHODS: We screened 72 UK adult patients with ALMS and offered treatment to 34 patients meeting one of the following criteria: body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher, insulin resistance, suboptimal glycaemic control on antihyperglycaemic medications or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. RESULTS: In total, 30 patients, with a mean age of 31 ± 11 years and a male to-female ratio of 2:1, completed 6 months of treatment with GLP-1 RAs either in the form of semaglutide or exenatide. On average, treatment with GLP-1 RAs reduced body weight by 5.4 ± 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6-7) kg and HbA1c by 12 ± 3.3 (95% CI 8.7-15.3) mmol/mol, equating to 6% weight loss (P < .01) and 1.1% absolute reduction in HbA1c (P < .01). Significant improvements were also observed in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase. The improvement of metabolic variables in our cohort of monogenic syndromic obesity was comparable with data for polygenic obesity, irrespective of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Data from our centre highlight the non-inferiority of GLP-1 RAs in monogenic syndromic obesity to the available GLP-1 RA-use data in polygenic obesity, therefore, these agents can be considered as a treatment option in patients with ALMS, as well as other forms of monogenic obesity.

Consensus clinical management guidelines for acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (Niemann-Pick disease types A, B and A/B).

BACKGROUND: Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (ASMD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SMPD1 gene. This rarity contributes to misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis and barriers to good care. There are no published national or international consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with ASMD. For these reasons, we have developed clinical guidelines that defines standard of care for ASMD patients. METHODS: The information contained in these guidelines was obtained through a systematic literature review and the experiences of the authors in their care of patients with ASMD. We adopted the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) system as method of choice for the guideline development process. RESULTS: The clinical spectrum of ASMD, although a continuum, varies substantially with subtypes ranging from a fatal infantile neurovisceral disorder to an adult-onset chronic visceral disease. We produced 39 conclusive statements and scored them according to level of evidence, strengths of recommendations and expert opinions. In addition, these guidelines have identified knowledge gaps that must be filled by future research. CONCLUSION: These guidelines can inform care providers, care funders, patients and their carers about best clinical practice and leads to a step change in the quality of care for patients with ASMD with or without enzyme replacement therapy (ERT).

Adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity in syndromic obesity of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive syndromic obesity of childhood onset among many other features. To date, the excess risk of metabolic complications of severe early-onset obesity in BBS remains controversial. In-depth investigation of adipose tissue structure and function with detailed metabolic phenotype has not been investigated yet. OBJECTIVE: To investigate adipose tissue function in BBS. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: To determine if there are differences in insulin resistance, metabolic profile, adipose tissue function and gene expression in patients with BBS compared to BMI-matched polygenic obese controls. METHOD: 9 adults with BBS and 10 controls were recruited from the national centre for BBS, Birmingham, UK. An in-depth study of adipose tissue structure and function along with insulin sensitivity was performed using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, adipose tissue microdialysis, histology and RNA sequencing, and measurement of circulating adipokines and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: Adipose tissue structure, gene expression and in vivo functional analysis between BBS and polygenic obesity cohorts were similar. Using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and surrogate markers of insulin resistance, we found no significant differences in insulin sensitivity between BBS and obese controls. Furthermore, no significant changes were noted in an array of adipokines, cytokines, pro-inflammatory markers and adipose tissue RNA transcriptomic. CONCLUSION: Although childhood-onset extreme obesity is a feature of BBS, detailed studies of insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue structure and function are similar to common polygenic obesity. This study adds to the literature by suggesting that it is the quality and quantity of adiposity not the duration that drives the metabolic phenotype.

A case series of cerebral venous thrombosis as the first manifestation of homocystinuria.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an important cause of stroke particularly in younger patients and potentially fatal if diagnosis is delayed. The presentation of symptoms is highly variable and consequently the diagnosis and underlying cause is often delayed or overlooked. Homocystinuria, a rare autosomal recessive disorder is an identified risk factor for CVT. Purpose: A timely diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of CVT could result in improved outcome and prevent further events. This case series describes the clinical course of six adults presented with unprovoked CVT, in whom the diagnosis of underlying homocystinuria was delayed with adverse consequences. We aim to highlight the importance of recognising homocystinuria as an underlying cause of CVT and offer a practical approach to the diagnosis and management. Methods: This is a retrospective case series of a cohort of 30 consecutive patients seen in a UK tertiary referral centre. Result: Six out of 30 patients presented with CVT prior to homocystinuria diagnosis. The mean and range of age at the time of the first CVT episode was 22.6 (range 11-31) years. The mean ±SD age at diagnosis of homocystinuria as the underlying cause was 26 ± 4.2 years. The time between first CVT and diagnosis of homocystinuria ranged from 1.6 to 11 years resulting in a delay to introduction of effective treatment and, in some cases, a further large vessels thrombotic event. Conclusion: Physician awareness of homocystinuria as an underlying cause for an unprovoked CVT will facilitate timely introduction of effective treatment to prevent a further event.