Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines against Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs.

In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines containing Bb intranasally or orally, or a placebo intranasally. Twenty-one days later, all dogs were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of Bb. Clinical signs, nasal bacterial shedding and immune responses were monitored for 28 days after challenge. Intranasally vaccinated puppies had significantly lower rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing (i.e. were less sick clinically) than control puppies. The distinction between the orally vaccinated puppies and the control puppies was less consistent. The orally vaccinated puppies had less coughing and less retching than the control puppies, but nasal discharge and sneezing did not differ from control animals. Orally vaccinated puppies had higher rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing than the intranasally vaccinated puppies. Although both intranasal and oral Bb vaccines stimulated immune responses associated with disease sparing following Bb infection, the intranasal route of delivery conferred superior clinical outcomes. The observed difference in clinical efficacy suggests the need to question the rationale for the use of currently available orally administered Bb vaccines.

Identification of diencephalic and brainstem cardiorespiratory areas activated during exercise.

The purpose of this study was to identify diencephalic and brainstem sites active during exercise (EX) in conscious rats running on a treadmill. Brain areas active during exercise, compared to rest conditions (non-EX), were identified using immunocytochemical labelling of the protein product of the proto-oncogene c-fos. Increased labelling was observed in the 'defence area' or 'hypothalamic/subthalamic locomotor regions' including the posterior and lateral hypothalamic areas. Increased labelling with EX was found in both colliculi, the periaqueductal gray matter, the parabrachial complex and the cuneiform nucleus ('mesencephalic locomotor region'). Increased labelling with EX was also found in the medial portion of n. tractus solitarius, and both the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medulla. Conspicuous by an absence of labelling during EX were cells in thalamic areas associated with somatosensory function, although the dorsal column nuclei were also labelled above control. Thus, areas in which labelling was increased during exercise closely correlate with the brain areas which have been implicated in both autonomic and somatomotor control. These results from awake, exercising rats support those obtained previously in anesthetized animal preparations.

Cardiovascular effects after the intracerebroventricular administration of peptide and nonpeptide angiotensin antagonists in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Cardiovascular responses after the central blockade of the brain angiotensin system with peptide or nonpeptide angiotensin II analogs in conscious, freely moving hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DS/JR) rats were measured. Four-week-old animals were maintained on an 8% salt diet until experimentation at 7 weeks of age. At the time of experimentation, mean arterial pressures were 176 +/- 6 mm Hg. The i.c.v. administration of 20 micrograms of the peptide analog sarcosine1, threonine8-angiotensin II (sarthran) resulted in a significant bradycardic response (approximately 17% decrease in H.R. peaking at 8 min after injection) without a significant change in blood pressure. Central administration of the AT1 antagonist losartan (10 micrograms) or of the AT2 antagonist PD 123319 (10 micrograms) was without effect. The peptide and nonpeptide analogs differed in their ability to inhibit central angiotensin II (10 ng)-induced pressor and dipsogenic responses. PD 123319 (10 micrograms) had no effect on the pressor and dipsogenic responses, whereas losartan (10 micrograms) and sarthran (20 micrograms) inhibited both responses for 85 +/- 17 and 29 +/- 3 min, respectively. The effect of preblocking either the AT1 or the AT2 receptors on the sarthran-induced bradycardia was also determined. Preblocking with either losartan (10 micrograms) or PD 123319 (10 micrograms) inhibited the bradycardic response by approximately 45%, which suggests that both receptor subtypes are involved in the central cardiovascular responses in the DS/JR rat and that, because it was attenuated by pure antagonists, the response to sarthran may be mediated by its agonist actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)