Retinal vasculature classification using novel multifractal features.

Retinal blood vessels have been implicated in a large number of diseases including diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases, which cause damages to retinal blood vessels. The availability of retinal vessel imaging provides an excellent opportunity for monitoring and diagnosis of retinal diseases, and automatic analysis of retinal vessels will help with the processes. However, state of the art vascular analysis methods such as counting the number of branches or measuring the curvature and diameter of individual vessels are unsuitable for the microvasculature. There has been published research using fractal analysis to calculate fractal dimensions of retinal blood vessels, but so far there has been no systematic research extracting discriminant features from retinal vessels for classifications. This paper introduces new methods for feature extraction from multifractal spectra of retinal vessels for classification. Two publicly available retinal vascular image databases are used for the experiments, and the proposed methods have produced accuracies of 85.5% and 77% for classification of healthy and diabetic retinal vasculatures. Experiments show that classification with multiple fractal features produces better rates compared with methods using a single fractal dimension value. In addition to this, experiments also show that classification accuracy can be affected by the accuracy of vessel segmentation algorithms.

Three-dimensional vessel segmentation using a novel combinatory filter framework.

Blood vessel segmentation is of great importance in medical diagnostic applications. Filter based methods that make use of Hessian matrices have been found to be very useful for blood vessel segmentation in both 2D and 3D medical images. However, these methods often fail on images that contain high density microvessels and background noise. The errors in the form of missing, undesired broken or incorrectly merged vessels eventually lead to poor segmentation results. In this paper, we present a novel method for 3D vessel segmentation that is also suitable for segmenting microvessels, incorporating the advantages of a line filter and a Hessian-based vessel filter to overcome the problems. The proposed method is shown to be reliable for noisy and inhomogeneous images. Vessels can also be separated based on their scale/thickness so that the method can be used for different medical applications. Furthermore, a quantitative vessel analysis method based on the multifractal analysis is performed on the segmented vasculature and fractal properties are found in all images.

Susceptibility of adult and senescent Brown Norway rats to repeated ozone exposure: an assessment of behavior, serum biochemistry and cardiopulmonary function.

Ozone (O3) is a pervasive air pollutant that produces pulmonary and cardiovascular dysfunction and possible neurological dysfunction. Young and old individuals are recognized as being susceptible to O3; however, remarkably little is known about susceptibility with senescence. This study explored the pulmonary, cardiovascular and neurological effects of O3 exposure in adult (4 m) and senescent (20 m) Brown Norway rats exposed to 0 or 0.8 ppm O3 for 6 h, 1 d/week, for 17 weeks. Ventilatory function was assessed 1 and 7 d after each exposure (Buxco). Heart rate, blood pressure (tail cuff) and motor activity were measured biweekly. Blood, aorta and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed 24 h after the last exposure for pulmonary inflammation, serum biomarkers and aorta mRNA markers of vascular disease. Measures of normal ventilatory function declined following each O3 exposure in both adult and senescent rats, however, senescent rats took weeks to exhibit a decline. Evidence for residual respiratory effects of O3 7 d after exposure in both age groups was observed. O3 had no effect on either heart rate or blood pressure, but decreased motor activity in both age groups. BALF indicated mild neutrophilic inflammation and protein leakage in adults. Age affected 17/58 serum analytes, O3 affected 6/58; 2/58 showed an age-O3 interaction. Leptin, adiponectin, lipocalin and insulin were increased in senescent rats. Overall, adult rats exhibited more immediate effects of episodic O3 than senescent rats. Residual effects were, however, obtained in both ages of rat, especially for ventilatory endpoints.

Vascular and thrombogenic effects of pulmonary exposure to Libby amphibole.

Exposure to Libby amphibole (LA) asbestos is associated with increased incidences of human autoimmune disease and mortality related to cardiovascular diseases. However, the systemic and vascular impacts are less well examined because of the dominance of pulmonary disease. It was postulated that regardless of the type of exposure scenario, LA exposure might produce systemic and vascular inflammogenic and thrombotic alterations in healthy and cardiovascular compromised rat models. Samples from three independent studies were examined. In the first study, male Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive (SH), and SH heart failure (SHHF) rats were intratracheally instilled once with 0 (vehicle), 0.25, or 1 mg/rat of LA. In the second study, F344 rats were instilled with vehicle or LA at 0.5, 1.5, or 5 mg/rat. In the third study, F344 rats were instilled with the same mass concentrations of LA delivered by biweekly multiple instillations over 3 mo to simulate an episodic subchronic exposure. Complete blood count, platelet aggregation, serum cytokines, and biomarkers of systemic and aortic effects were examined. LA reduced adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and decreased circulating platelets in WKY (1 mg/rat) and F344 (5 mg/rat) at the 3-mo time point but did not do so in SH or SHHF rats. A decline in circulating lymphocytes with age appeared to be exacerbated by LA exposure in F344 rats but the differences were not significant. Aorta mRNA expression for biomarkers of oxidative stress (HO-1, LOX-1), inflammation (MIP-2), and thrombosis (tPA, PAI-1, vWf) were increased at baseline in SH and SHHF relative to WKY. LA exposure upregulated several of these biomarkers and also those involved in aortic contractility of WKY rats at 3 mo, suggesting thrombogenic, vasocontractile, and oxidative stress-mediated impairments. The aorta changes in F344 rats were less remarkable than changes noted in WKY following LA exposure. In conclusion, exposure to LA decreased circulating platelets and platelet coagulability while increasing the expression of oxidative stress, thrombosis, and vasoconstriction biomarkers in the aorta of healthy rats. These changes were similar to those noted at baseline in SH and SHHF rats, suggesting that LA-induced pulmonary injury might increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals.

The hypnotherapeutic treatment of impotence.

Fifty cases of primary and secondary impotency are presented. A breakdown of the patients as to age shows that the problem is wide-spread from youth to middle-age; in this study there was a mean age of 29.40 years. All patients who remained in therapy were able to perform sexually at the time of their discharge. In followup of 66% of the patients, all stated they were doing well except for two. Hypnosis used as an uncovering modality is shown to be markedly effective. This, incorporated with ego-strengthening and new self-image suggestions, seems to be the treatment of choice for psychogenic impotence.

Effect of tryptophan and its metabolites on gastric emptying of liquid meals in dogs.

The effects of tryptophan and its metabolites were studied to determine whether the known inhibiting effect of tryptophan on emptying was due to local or systemic effects or due to tryptophan metabolites. In five dogs with chronic gastric fistulas, instillation of 300 ml of DL-kynurenine (5mM), 5-hydroxytryptophan (mM), or 5-hydroxytryptamine (20 mM) into the gut did not slow gastric emptying. Furthermore, iv infusion of L-tryptophan (5, 20, 50 mM), DL-kynurenine (2, 5, 10 mM), 5-hydroxytryptamine (2mM, 10 mM), and 3-indolepyruvic acid (2, 5, 10 mM) also did not slow gastric emptying. These studies indicate that tryptophan slows gastric emptying by exciting a receptor in the gut and not by a direct effect on the stomach or brain or via its major metabolites.