Waste treatment innovation for infusion bottles using soil solution.

The amount of medical waste, especially infusion bottles, is a problem for environmental pollution. Improper management of infusion bottle waste can have an impact on disease transmission. The medical waste treatment used high technology and high costs will be a financial burden, so simple and effective treatment innovations is needed. This study uses an experimental method of removing bacteria from infusion bottles using a mixture of water and Andoso soil as a solution for washing infusion bottle waste. The soil solution concentration used in washing was 45% with a contact time of 2 minutes. The experiment was carried out with two repetitions. The treatment effect on decreasing the number of bacteria using a multiple linear regression mathematical model. The results showed that the disinfection process of bacterial-contaminated infusion bottles using water required rinsing up to six times, whereas using 45% andosol soil solution only rinsed once. The effectiveness of the disinfection of infusion bottles contaminated with bacteria using soil solution reduces the number of bacteria by 98%.

Risk factors associated with rabies incidence in rabies endemic areas in West Kalimantan.

Introduction: Rabies remains a significant health problem in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that rabies is a disease neglected in its management and has become a problem, especially in poor areas. It is estimated that 55,000 rabies deaths occurred worldwide in 2018. From 2015 to 2019, there were 404,306 cases of rabigenic wounds inflicted by animal bites in Indonesia, with 544 deaths. West Kalimantan Province is one of the areas endemic to rabies and one of the five provinces with the highest number of deaths due to rabies. Methods: This was a case-control study of patients who presented to the health service for potentially-rabigenic wounds inflicted by animal bites and being diagnosed with rabies exposure. The post-mortem examination was carried out to support the diagnosis of exposure to rabies. Cases were defined as those who had experienced dog bites from the health services medical register from 2015 to 2019. Controls were defined as those who lived in the same area as patients from the cases group and were owners of potentially rabigenic animals. The research was performed in Landak and Sanggau Regencies, West Kalimantan. Results: The results showed an association between the following risk factors and the incidence of rabies: animal care (p=0.033), rabies vaccine (p=0.006), and behavior (p=0.011), while other risk factors were knowledge (p=1.000) and attitude (p=0.840). Conclusions: The study's findings inform rabies prevention and eradication, particularly in the province of West Kalimantan, which has experienced issues related to the population power of rabies-transmitting animals, as well as the process of vaccinating rabies-transmitting animals and a lack of public awareness. These factors have a significant impact on the prevalence of rabies, as dogs in the province of West Kalimantan have rabies.

Respiratory mask using a combination of spunbond, meltblown, and activated carbon materials for reducing exposure to CO: an in vivo study.

Air pollution is a serious health problem in almost all developing and developed countries around the world. One component of air pollution dangerous for health is carbon monoxide (CO). The largest source of carbon monoxide is the burning of fossil fuels and peatland fires. The government continues to control pollution through both environmental management and summer pollution control. However, the resulting impact is less than optimal. We conducted a study to test the material used as an alternative respiratory protector in absorbing CO gas. The protective material comprised of a combination of spunbond, meltblown, and activated carbon materials. We carried the study out on a laboratory scale using experimental animals that were subjected to different stages of treatment. The results showed that respiratory protective masks with a combination of activated carbon and spunbond/meltblown materials were better able to inhibit CO exposure (p ≤ 0.001) than respiratory masks without activated carbon. The combination material is thus effective in absorbing CO; it can carry further research out on other harmful gases such as NO and NO2.