ABSTRACT
Placental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly requested, especially for the evaluation of suspected cases of placental adhesive disorders, generally known as placenta accreta. Abdominal radiologists need to become familiar with normal placental anatomy, anatomical variations, the current terminology, and major placental diseases that, although rare, are important causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this didactic pictorial essay is to illustrate various findings on placental MRI, as well as to emphasize the importance of communication between radiologists and obstetricians in the search for best practices in the management of the affected patients.
A ressonância magnética placentária tem sido cada vez mais solicitada, sobretudo na avaliação de casos suspeitos de acretismo. Os radiologistas abdominais precisam se familiarizar com a anatomia placentária normal, variações anatômicas, terminologias atuais e principais doenças placentárias que, embora raras, são causas importantes de morbimortalidade materno-fetal. O objetivo deste ensaio é ilustrar, de maneira didática, diferentes achados placentários e enfatizar a importância da comunicação entre radiologistas e obstetras na busca da melhor conduta para as pacientes.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Placental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly requested, especially for the evaluation of suspected cases of placental adhesive disorders, generally known as placenta accreta. Abdominal radiologists need to become familiar with normal placental anatomy, anatomical variations, the current terminology, and major placental diseases that, although rare, are important causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this didactic pictorial essay is to illustrate various findings on placental MRI, as well as to emphasize the importance of communication between radiologists and obstetricians in the search for best practices in the management of the affected patients.
Resumo A ressonância magnética placentária tem sido cada vez mais solicitada, sobretudo na avaliação de casos suspeitos de acretismo. Os radiologistas abdominais precisam se familiarizar com a anatomia placentária normal, variações anatômicas, terminologias atuais e principais doenças placentárias que, embora raras, são causas importantes de morbimortalidade materno-fetal. O objetivo deste ensaio é ilustrar, de maneira didática, diferentes achados placentários e enfatizar a importância da comunicação entre radiologistas e obstetras na busca da melhor conduta para as pacientes.
ABSTRACT
Noninvasive imaging has become the standard for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis in cirrhotic livers. In this review paper, we go over the basics of MR imaging in cirrhotic livers and describe the imaging appearance of a spectrum of hepatic nodules marking the progression from regenerative nodules to low- and high-grade dysplastic nodules, and ultimately to HCCs. We detail and illustrate the typical imaging appearances of different types of HCC including focal, multi-focal, massive, diffuse/infiltrative, and intra-hepatic metastases; with emphasis on the diagnostic value of MR in imaging these lesions. We also shed some light on liver imaging reporting and data system, and the role of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and future MRI techniques including the use of advanced MR pulse sequences and utilization of hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents, and how they might contribute to improving the diagnostic performance of MRI in early stage HCC diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
A carreira médica pode desencadear alterações patológicas na saúde mental, que podem ter início já na graduação. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Transtornos Psiquiátricos Menores (TPMe) e a procura por ajuda em estudantes de um curso de Medicina. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma população de 343 estudantes da primeira à quarta série, maiores de 18 anos. Foram realizadas entrevistas, em salas de aula, por meio de dois questionários estruturados, o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e outro elaborado pelos autores. Análises descritiva, univariada, bivariada e estatística foram utilizadas mediante o programa Microsoft Excel. Os resultados evidenciaram que, entre os acadêmicos com TPMe, 41,6 por cento (a maioria) moravam sozinhos e 75 por cento eram mulheres. Entre os acometidos, 59,2 por cento não conheciam qualquer programa e apenas 9,1 por cento procuraram ajuda. O uso de medicamento foi duas vezes mais prevalente em mulheres com TPMe do que em homens, sendo antidepressivos e ansiolíticos os mais usados. A prevalência de 26,1 por cento de TPMe nos alunos, associada a baixa procura por cuidados e a relatos de automedicação, demonstra a inefetividade dos atuais programas de apoio.
The medical career can trigger pathological changes in mental health that may even begin during undergraduate medical training. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders (MPD) and the search for counseling by medical students. This was a cross-sectional study of a sample of 343 1st to 4th-year medical students 18 years and older. Interviews were conducted in the classroom using two structured questionnaires, the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and another prepared by the authors. Descriptive, univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel. Among students with MPD, 41.6 percent lived alone and 75.0 percent were women. Among the ill, 59.2 percent were unfamiliar with any counseling program, and only 9.1 percent sought help. Medication for PMD was twice as prevalent in females as compared to males (with antidepressants and anxiolytics as the most frequently used medicines). The 26.1 percent prevalence rate of students with MPD, plus the frequent self-medication and low demand for professional care, demonstrated the ineffectiveness of current psychological support programs.
