Varicella-Zoster Meningitis and Myelitis After Herpes Zoster Dermatitis Treatment With Amenamevir: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), known for causing chickenpox, establishes latent infections in neural tissues. Reactivation of VZV can lead to herpes zoster (HZ) and various neurological complications. In this report, we present four cases of VZV meningitis and myelitis following amenamevir treatment for HZ dermatitis with positive VZV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Three of them were considered immunocompromised hosts given the fact that two of these patients were taking immunosuppressive drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, and one patient had a history of sigmoid colon cancer (four months after resection). After HZ onset, amenamevir, which has poor CSF transfer, was prescribed for all the patients, and all of them developed central nervous complications by VZV (meningitis in three cases and myelitis in one case) confirmed by PCR. All the patients were treated with acyclovir, which has a higher CSF transfer, and fully recovered. We speculate that amenamevir might have failed to prevent VZV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and think that consideration should be given to administering acyclovir in preference to amenamevir for ΗΖ patients at high risk of CNS VZV infection, such as immunocompromised hosts.

Development of microscopic polyangiitis following idiopathic pleuroparenchymal l fibroelastosis: A case report.

Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a rare type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, which is characterised by pleural fibrosis and subjacent parenchymal fibroelastosis of the upper lobes. Herein, we present a case of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) following PPFE. The patient had abnormal shadows on chest radiographs 15 years before the onset of MPA, and the patient was diagnosed with PPFE. Four years after the PPFE diagnosis, the patient was diagnosed with MPA based on persistent fever, purpura, mononeuritis multiplex, myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity, and pathological findings of peritubular capillaritis on kidney biopsy. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids, including methylprednisolone pulse therapy and rituximab, followed by maintenance therapy with rituximab. One year after treatment, the PPFE had not worsened. PPFE occasionally occurs secondary to connective tissue disease, including MPA; however, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PPFE preceding MPA. Our case suggests that PPFE, as other interstitial lung diseases, may be associated with MPA and precede the onset of MPA. The accumulation of more cases is needed to clarify the characteristics of MPA-associated PPFE.

Multi-Reconfigurable DNA Origami Nanolattice Driven by the Combination of Orthogonal Signals.

The progress of the scaffolded DNA origami technology has enabled the construction of various dynamic nanodevices imitating the shapes and motions of mechanical elements. To further expand the achievable configurational changes, the incorporation of multiple movable joints into a single DNA origami structure and their precise control are desired. Here, we propose a multi-reconfigurable 3 × 3 lattice structure consisting of nine frames with rigid four-helix struts connected with flexible 10-nucleotide joints. The configuration of each frame is determined by the arbitrarily selected orthogonal pair of signal DNAs, resulting in the transformation of the lattice into various shapes. We also demonstrated sequential reconfiguration of the nanolattice and its assemblies from one into another via an isothermal strand displacement reaction at physiological temperatures. Our modular and scalable design approach could serve as a versatile platform for a variety of applications that require reversible and continuous shape control with nanoscale precision.

Endoscopic treatment of Bouveret syndrome with a combination of electrohydraulic lithotripsy and balloon expansion: A case report.

Bouveret syndrome is a rare type of ileus caused by the impaction of gallstones passing through a cholecystoenteric fistula in the duodenum. Endoscopic treatment with minimally invasive procedures is preferable for patients with this syndrome, typically for elderly individuals with a high surgical risk. Conventional endoscopic techniques often fail to remove impacted stones that are generally large and occasionally solid. We report the case of an 88-year-old bedridden woman with severe dementia who presented with difficulty in breathing. The patient was diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. In addition, computed tomography showed a cholecystoduodenal fistula and a gallstone 37 mm in diameter that impacted the duodenal bulb. Bouveret syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of the computed tomography findings. The impacted stone was too large and hard to split with standard endoscopic lithotripsy using grasping forceps, mechanical lithotripter, polypectomy snare, basket catheter, and electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL). However, EHL with a dual-channel therapeutic endoscope was achieved to drill a narrow hole approximately 20 mm deep into the stone, in four sessions. The stone was subsequently split by inflating the balloon, which was inserted into the hole, to 10 mm in diameter at 3 atm. All the split stones were spontaneously excreted during defecation after a few days. If the gallstone is too hard to fragment by endoscopic EHL alone, a combination of EHL and balloon expansion might be a useful alternative.

A case of systemic lupus erythematosus having concurrent Evans syndrome and acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

An 18-year-old Japanese woman with systemic lupus erythematosus experienced dyspnoea, headache, tinnitus, and purpura for 2 weeks and was admitted to our hospital. The patient had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary immune thrombocytopenia 8 years before and treated with high-dose prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil. Since the blood test on admission showed haemolytic anaemia with a positive direct Coombs test and anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antibodies, the patient was initially diagnosed with Evans syndrome (ES). The patient was treated with pulse intravenous methylprednisolone followed by 45 mg/day prednisolone; however, the patient's platelet count did not normalise. Based on a low level of a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13 (ADAMTS-13) activity and a high level of ADAMTS-13 inhibitors, a diagnosis of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was confirmed. After undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange for 6 consecutive days, the patient's platelet count recovered rapidly. Although concurrent acquired TTP and ES have not been reported previously, the findings from this case highlight the importance of measuring ADAMTS-13 activity and inhibitors to rule out acquired TTP, especially when ES is refractory to glucocorticoids.

A case of Takayasu arteritis complicated with acute pericarditis at initial presentation.

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare, large-vessel vasculitis, frequently presenting at approximately 20 years of age. Patients with TAK without characteristic clinical findings are sometimes left undiagnosed and are followed by a fever of unknown origin; delayed diagnosis may lead to irreversible ischaemia and organ damage. Here, we report a case of an 18-year-old woman with TAK complicated by acute pericarditis at initial presentation. She was diagnosed with idiopathic acute pericarditis and treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, the patient's fever and pain in the chest and upper back persisted. On admission to our hospital, magnetic resonance angiography and ultrasonography revealed wall thickening in the common carotid artery, subclavian artery, and aorta, along with vascular narrowing in the celiac, superior mesenteric, and bilateral renal arteries. The patient was diagnosed with TAK and treated with glucocorticoids, including methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and azathioprine. The treatment improved the patient's signs and symptoms, and pericardial effusion decreased. Acute pericarditis is a rare manifestation of TAK, but it is important to differentiate diseases, including TAK in patients with acute pericarditis who fail to respond to 2-3 weeks of conventional therapy with NSAIDs.

Effect of the RNF213 p.R4810K Variant on the Progression of Intracranial Artery Stenosis: A 15-Year Follow-up Study.

Background and Objectives: Intracranial artery stenosis is the predominant etiology of ischemic stroke in the Asian population. Furthermore, the presence of the RNF213 p.R4810K variant, which is a susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease, increases the risk of ischemic stroke attributable to large-artery atherosclerosis. Accordingly, we hypothesized that this genetic variant may affect the long-term outcome of intracranial artery stenosis in the East Asian population. We thus aimed to examine the effect of this variant on the long-term progression and prognosis of intracranial artery stenosis. Methods: Using a prospective database, we identified adult patients with intracranial artery stenosis who underwent periodic MRI examinations for >5 years. We evaluated stenosis progression using a validated visual grading system. We excluded patients diagnosed with moyamoya disease at the time of initial MRI. Genotyping of RNF213 p.R4810K was performed at the end of the follow-up period. Results: Among 52 eligible patients, 22 (42%) were carriers of the RNF213 p.R4810K variant. The median follow-up duration was 10.3 years. During the follow-up period, progression of intracranial artery stenosis was observed in 64% variant carriers and 27% noncarriers. There was a significant association of the variant with time to progression of intracranial artery stenosis (hazard ratio [HR] 3.31, 95% CI 1.38-7.90, p = 0.007), and time to the composite endpoint of symptomatic stroke and transient ischemic attack (HR 3.70, 95% CI 1.15-11.86, p = 0.028), but not to symptomatic stroke alone (HR 2.18, 95% CI 0.62-7.74, p = 0.23). Two variant carriers with progression were newly diagnosed with moyamoya disease. Discussion: Our findings indicated that the RNF213 p.R4810K variant increases the risk of intracranial artery stenosis progression.

Mirizzi Syndrome Type IV Successfully Treated with Peroral Single-operator Cholangioscopy-guided Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy: A Case Report with Literature Review.

A 76-year-old man presented with liver dysfunction and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Imaging studies showed two large stones that had become impacted in the common hepatic duct, which was fused with the gallbladder. The patient was diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome type IV. Hepaticojejunostomy and stone removal failed due to dense gallbladder adhesions involving the right hepatic artery. The bile flow was temporarily restored; however, the patient experienced cholangitis 16 months later. The stones were extracted via peroral single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC)-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy. This is the first case in which stones were completely removed by SOC-guided treatment in a patient with Mirizzi syndrome type IV.

Lipid bilayer-assisted dynamic self-assembly of hexagonal DNA origami blocks into monolayer crystalline structures with designed geometries.

The DNA origami technique is used to construct custom-shaped nanostructures that can be used as components of two-dimensional crystalline structures with user-defined structural patterns. Here, we designed an Mg2+-responsive hexagonal 3D DNA origami block with self-shape-complementary ruggedness on the sides. Hexagonal DNA origami blocks were electrostatically adsorbed onto a fluidic lipid bilayer membrane surface to ensure lateral diffusion. A subsequent increase in the Mg2+ concentration in the surrounding environment induced the self-assembly of the origami blocks into lattices with prescribed geometries based on a self-complementary shape fit. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) images revealed dynamic events involved in the self-assembly process, including edge reorganization, defect splitting, diffusion, and filling, which provide a glimpse into how the lattice structures are self-improved.

Stroke Severity and Outcomes in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation.

Background and Purpose: Once a stroke occurs in a patient with atrial fibrillation (AF), it is likely to be severe. Patients with newly diagnosed AF after stroke and those with known AF before stroke have different background characteristics, yet the difference in stroke severity has not been sufficiently evaluated. In the current study, we compared the stroke severity and in-hospital outcomes between these patient groups. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a database of 196 patients with acute ischemic stroke and AF between January 2010 and October 2019. We divided the patients into two groups: patients with "newly diagnosed AF" and those with "known AF." We assessed the stroke severity using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission and in-hospital outcomes using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge. Results: The proportion of newly diagnosed AF was 33% (64/196). There were no differences in age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and past history of heart failure between patients with newly diagnosed AF and those with known AF. Patients with newly diagnosed AF were associated with a lower proportion of male sex (male; 50 vs. 67%, p < 0.05), a lower proportion of past history of stroke (12 vs. 35%, p < 0.01), a lower CHA2DS2-VASc score (median [interquartile range]; 3 [2-4] vs. 3.5 [3-5], p < 0.01), and a lower proportion of pre-stroke oral anticoagulation (5 vs. 59%, p < 0.01). There were no differences in the NIHSS score on admission (12 [4-19] vs. 9 [3-19]) or the mRS score at discharge (3 [1-5] vs. 3 [1-5]). After adjustment for relevant covariates, newly diagnosed AF was not associated with the NIHSS score on admission [adjusted common odds ratio (OR), 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-1.60] or the mRS score at discharge (adjusted common OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.88-3.18). After propensity score matching, newly diagnosed AF was not associated with the NIHSS score on admission (adjusted common OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.48-1.73) and the mRS score at discharge (adjusted common OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 0.92-3.43). Conclusion: Stroke severity and in-hospital outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed AF did not differ from those in patients with known AF after adjustment for clinically relevant factors. The importance of detection of latent AF and subsequent anticoagulation in preventing severe stroke should be further emphasized.

Risk factor analysis for early rebleeding after endoscopic treatment for colonic diverticular bleeding with stigmata of recent hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colonic diverticular bleeding is a common cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic hemostasis is generally selected as the first-line treatment; however, a considerable number of patients experience early rebleeding after endoscopic treatment. We investigated the risk factors for early rebleeding after endoscopic treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the data of 142 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic treatment (endoscopic clipping or endoscopic band ligation) for colonic diverticular bleeding with stigmata of recent hemorrhage between April 2012 and April 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the statistical relationship between patient characteristics and the incidence of early rebleeding occurring within 30 days after endoscopic treatment. RESULTS: Of 142 patients, early rebleeding was detected in 34 (23.9%) patients. According to univariate analysis, platelet count of <10 × 104/µL, bleeding from the left-sided colon, and endoscopic clipping usage were associated with early rebleeding (P < 0.05). The subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis identified bleeding from the left-sided colon (odds ratio [OR], 4.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73-10.0; P = 0.001) and endoscopic clipping usage (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.21-7.00; P = 0.017) as the independent risk factors for early rebleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding from the left-sided colon and endoscopic clipping usage were the risk factors for early rebleeding after endoscopic treatment. Using endoscopic band ligation was associated with a decreased risk for early rebleeding compared with the use of endoscopic clipping, indicating that endoscopic band ligation was a preferable endoscopic modality to prevent early recurrent bleeding.

Abnormalities of brain imaging in patients after left ventricular assist device support following explantation.

BACKGROUND: The potential impact of long-term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support on the brain remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate cerebral microvascular damage in patients after long-term LVAD implantation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients after continuous-flow LVAD implantation in our hospital from 2006 to 2016, who underwent brain MRI after LVAD explantation for either transplantation or recovery. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls and patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) were collected from our pooled MRI database. The presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and cortical superficial siderosis and the severity of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and cerebral atrophy were compared between patients with prior LVAD and 2 control groups. RESULTS: This study included 49 patients with prior LVAD, 49 healthy controls, and 45 patients with CHF. CMBs and cortical superficial siderosis were detected in 98% (p < 0.001) and 31% (p < 0.001) of patients with prior LVAD, respectively. The number of CMBs was higher in patients with prior LVAD than in the 2 control groups. The severity of the WMH was higher in patients with prior LVAD than in healthy controls but similar to that in patients with CHF. Quantitative analyses of cerebral atrophy revealed a significantly higher bicaudate ratio and cella media index in patients with prior LVAD than in the 2 control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients after long-term LVAD support showed a higher prevalence of CMBs and cortical superficial siderosis and more severe cerebral atrophy than did controls. These findings may indicate cerebral microvascular damages in long-term LVAD support patients.

Enrichment of bacteria and alginate lyase genes potentially involved in brown alga degradation in the gut of marine gastropods.

Gut bacteria of phytophagous and omnivorous marine invertebrates often possess alginate lyases (ALGs), which are key enzymes for utilizing macroalgae as carbon neutral biomass. We hypothesized that the exclusive feeding of a target alga to marine invertebrates would shift the gut bacterial diversity suitable for degrading the algal components. To test this hypothesis, we reared sea hare (Dolabella auricularia) and sea snail (Batillus cornutus) for two to four weeks with exclusive feeding of a brown alga (Ecklonia cava). Pyrosequencing analysis of the gut bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed shifts in the gut microbiota after rearing, mainly due to a decrease in the variety of bacterial members. Significant increases in six and four 16S rRNA gene phylotypes were observed in the reared sea hares and sea snails, respectively, and some of them were phylogenetically close to known alginate-degrading bacteria. Clone library analysis of PL7 family ALG genes using newly designed degenerate primer sets detected a total of 50 ALG gene phylotypes based on 90% amino acid identity. The number of ALG gene phylotypes increased in the reared sea hare but decreased in reared sea snail samples, and no phylotype was shared between them. Out of the 50 phylotypes, 15 were detected only after the feeding procedure. Thus, controlled feeding strategy may be valid and useful for the efficient screening of genes suitable for target alga fermentation.

Effect of ozonated water on the surface roughness of dental stone casts.

Infection control of dental stone cast is an important issue. Ozone is effective for disinfection against microorganisms and inactivation of viruses. However, there is little information regarding the use of ozone. We prepared 4 types of gypsum specimens and 3 types of disinfectants (4-5 ppm Ozonated water [OZW], 2% glutaraldehyde [GL], and 1% sodium hypochlorite [SH]). Gypsum specimens were immersed in each disinfectant for 5 and 10 min, and surface roughness was then examined using laser scanning microscopy. Surface microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Immersion of gypsum specimens in SH, GL, and OZW increased the surface roughness to a maximum of 1.04, 0.37, and 0.30 µm, respectively, based on the difference between the average values of surface roughness before and after the disinfection procedure. The effects of OZW and GL were comparable. OZW is useful as a candidate for relatively safe disinfection of material for dental stone casts.

Usefulness of end-diastolic ratio in carotid ultrasonography for the screening of dural arteriovenous fistula: a case series.

We report three cases in which carotid ultrasonography was useful for the diagnosis of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). In all cases, dAVFs were fed by branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and had retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage. Carotid ultrasonography revealed high end-diastolic ratio (ED ratio) of the common carotid artery (CCA) (1.49-2.16) and low resistance index (RI) of the ECA (0.59-0.66). They were normalized after endovascular treatment (ED ratio of CCA 1.02-1.06, RI of ECA 0.75-0.87). In conclusion, high ED ratio of the CCA and low RI of the ECA might be a useful indicator for both screening and follow-up of dAVF.

P-Wave Terminal Force in Lead V1 Predicts Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in cryptogenic stroke is critical to selecting an antithrombotic therapy for preventing recurrent stroke. However, the predictor of PAF in patients with acute ischemic stroke is not well elucidated. P-wave terminal force in lead V1 (PTFV1) is a standard electrocardiogram marker of left atrial abnormality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the utility of PTFV1 for the prediction of PAF in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The study included 295 consecutive patients who had acute ischemic stroke and were admitted to the hospital between September 2014 and August 2016. Patients with a known history of PAF, persistent atrial fibrillation, or cardiac pacemaker were excluded from the study. The clinical characteristics of patients with or without PAF were compared, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent contribution of each variable. RESULTS: Among 226 patients eligible for our analysis, 16 (7.1%) were diagnosed with PAF after admission. PTFV1 was significantly higher in patients with PAF than those without PAF (.051 versus .027 mm⋅s; P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that PTFV1 per .01 mm⋅s increase was strongly associated with PAF (odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.09; P < .001). The optimal cutoff value of PTFV1 for the prediction of PAF was .04 mm⋅s. CONCLUSIONS: PTFV1 is a strong predictor of PAF detection in acute ischemic stroke.

Characterization of slow-cycling cells in the mouse cochlear lateral wall.

Cochlear spiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs) play essential roles in the physiology of hearing including ion recycling and the generation of endocochlear potential. In adult animals, SLFs can repopulate after damages, yet little is known about the characteristics of proliferating cells that support SLFs' self-renewal. Here we report in detail about the characteristics of cycling cells in the spiral ligament (SL). Fifteen P6 mice and six noise-exposed P28 mice were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 7 days and we chased BrdU retaining cells for as long as 60 days. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the BrdU positive IB4 (an endotherial marker) negative cells expressed an early SLF marker Pou3f4 but negative for cleaved-Caspase 3. Marker studies revealed that type 3 SLFs displayed significantly higher percentage of BrdU+ cells compared to other subtypes. Notably, the cells retained BrdU until P72, demonstrating they were dividing slowly. In the noise-damaged mice, in contrast to the loss of the other types, the number of type 3 SLFs did not altered and the BrdU incorporating- phosphorylated Histone H3 positive type 3 cells were increased from day 1 to 14 after noise exposure. Furthermore, the cells repopulating type 1 area, where the cells diminished profoundly after damage, were positive for the type 3 SLF markers. Collectively, in the latral wall of the cochlea, type 3 SLFs have the stem cell capacity and may contribute to the endogenous regeneration of lateral wall spiral ligament. Manipulating type 3 cells may be employed for potential regenerative therapies.

Standardization of the apparent diffusion coefficient value of bladder cancer across different centers: Applicability in predicting aggressive pathologic phenotypes.

PURPOSE: We investigated whether the standardized apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value reflects bladder cancer characteristics across different centers. METHODS: Ninety-eight bladder cancer patients underwent MRI at two institutions. Standardized tumor ADC (sT-ADC) was calculated by dividing absolute tumor ADC (aT-ADC) by that of gluteus maximus. We compared ADCs between MRI protocols according to grade and T-stage. RESULTS: The differences in aT-ADC between MRI protocols were negated by sT-ADC. The best sT-ADC cut-offs to predict cancer aggressiveness in the development cohort worked in the validation cohort compared to the development cohort. CONCLUSION: Standardized ADC overcomes the incompatibility between different MRI protocols.