ABSTRACT
We study 10 years (1995-2004 inclusive) of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) radio emission data from the Wind spacecraft to examine the link between AKR and terrestrial substorms. We use substorm lists based on parameters including ground magnetometer signatures and geosynchronous particle injections as a basis for superposed epoch analyses of the AKR data. The results for each list show a similar, clear response of the AKR power around substorm onset. For nearly all event lists, the average response shows that the AKR power begins to increase around 20 min prior to expansion phase onset, as defined by the respective lists. The analysis of the spectral parameters of AKR bursts show that this increase in power is due to an extension of the source region to higher altitudes, which also precedes expansion phase onset by 20 min. Our observations show that the minimum frequency channel that observes AKR at this time, on average, is 60 kHz. AKR visibility is highly sensitive to observing spacecraft location, and the biggest radio response to substorm onset is seen in the 21:00-03:00 hr local time sector.
ABSTRACT
Phosphoinositide signaling pathways regulate many essential cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation and survival, cytoskeletal organization, and vesicular trafficking. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases regulate the cellular levels of several bioactive phosphoinositide species. This review describes the structure and function of the 5-phosphatase and Sac1 catalytic domains of these enzymes. The crystal structure of the 5-phosphatase domain has been solved and shares homology with members of the AP endonuclease family. The phosphoinositide polyphosphatase activity of the Sac1 domain, found in some inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, is defined by a motif, CX5 R(T/S), also found in both protein and lipid phosphatases.
Subject(s)
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/chemistry , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Carbon-Oxygen Lyases/chemistry , Carbon-Oxygen Lyases/genetics , Catalytic Domain , DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase , Evolution, Molecular , Humans , Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Signal Transduction , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
Clinicians have speculated that the appearance and maintainance of eating-disordered behavior may be attributed to certain familial characteristics which predispose vulnerable individuals to the development of these behaviors. However, few empirical studies exist to substantiate these speculations. This study compared the responses of 190 female university students on three self-report instruments: the Disordered Eating and Weight Control Instrument (DEWCI), the Eating Disorders Instrument (EDI), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III) to identify potential relationships between eating-disordered behavior and family types. Subjects were classified, on the basis of their scores on the FACES III, into one of three family types: balanced, midrange, or extreme. A one-way analysis of variance with main effect for family type was applied to the eating-behavior subscales. A Turkey multiple comparison test was applied to the significant main effects. Women classified in the extreme family type scored significantly higher (p less than .05) on several measures of eating-disordered behavior. A Distance From Center (DFC) linear score also was computed and correlated with the eating-disordered subscales. All but 4 of the 18 measures correlated significantly (p less than .05). These findings support speculation, particularly that of family theorists, that eating-disordered behavior may be a symptom response and/or coping strategy for women in dysfunctional families.
Subject(s)
Child of Impaired Parents/psychology , Family/psychology , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Personality Development , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Anorexia Nervosa/psychology , Bulimia/psychology , Diet, Reducing/psychology , Female , Humans , Hyperphagia/psychology , Personality Inventory , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The applicability of social ecology as a means to evaluate psychotherapy groups is discussed by means of a case example. A Couples' Growth in a community alcohol treatment programme was used to demonstrate a social ecological approach to the assessment and description of groups. Members' and leaders' perceptions of the group's social environment, as well as perceptions of an ideal group, were determined via a recently developed Group Environment Scale. This assessment pointed to areas of discrepancies, and the results were validated in a "group feedback session". Systematic data on the social ecology of groups will enable clinicians to better evaluate and describe this treatment setting in which behaviour change is being attempted.
