ABSTRACT
To test the efficacy of chlorproguanil prophylaxis, 156 malaria-free schoolchildren in the coastal region of Kenya were allocated at random to receive either 7.5 mg chlorproguanil daily, 50 mg chlorproguanil weekly, 100 mg proguanil daily, or 100 mg calcium lactate weekly (placebo). The children were followed up daily for 169 d, by which time Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia had occurred in 92% of the placebo group, 31% of the daily proguanil group, 38% of the daily chlorproguanil group and 55% of the weekly chlorproguanil group. There was significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the risk of parasitaemia in all the groups receiving chemoprophylaxis. Daily chlorproguanil and daily proguanil were equally effective, and significantly more effective than weekly high dose chlorproguanil. No significant toxicity was reported or observed. Thus daily chlorproguanil 20 mg/60 kg is a cheap and effective alternative to proguanil for chemoprophylaxis.
Subject(s)
Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control , Proguanil/analogs & derivatives , Proguanil/administration & dosage , Child , Drug Administration Schedule , Humans , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
156 coastal schoolchildren participated in a placebo controlled trial. All the children were treated with chloroquine 25mg/kg over 3 days plus single dose pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and then randomised to receive one of four regimens:- A:7.5 mg chlorproguanil daily; B: 50 mg chlorproguanil weekly; C: 100mg proguanil daily; D: 100 mg Calcium lactate weekly. The children were followed up daily for 169 days for P.falciparum parasitaemia. Each 'terminal' event for the construction of life table; was treated with single dose pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and the child removed from the trial. At the end of the study; 34/37 children had suffered a terminal event in the placebo group compared to 12/39 in the daily proguanil 100 mg group; 15/39 in the daily chlorproguanil 7.5 mg group and 22/40 in the weekly chlorproguanil 50 mg group. Life table analysis found a significant reduction (P is greater than 0.001) in the risk of malaria in all the chemoprophylactic groups compared to the placebo group. Daily proguanil also gave greater protection than weekly chloroproguanil (P greater than 0.05); but there was no difference between daily proguanil and daily chlorproguanil (P less than 0.1). Daily chlorproguanil 7.5 mg; has a lower cumulative dose; greater in vitro activity and increased intracellular concentration of the metabolite. Compared to proguanil and increased intracellular concentration of the metabolite. Therefore; daily proguanil has significant potential as another chealp; effective; nontoxic chemoprophylactic addition to vector avoidance measures
Subject(s)
Drug Evaluation , Malaria/prevention & control , Plasmodium falciparumSubject(s)
Arboviruses/isolation & purification , Culicidae/microbiology , Animals , Ethiopia , MiceABSTRACT
The indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT), employing treated and standardized antiserum in a single pool, was earlier reported to have been used successfully for the preliminary identification of nine respiratory viruses in second to ninth passage multiplying in cells propagated on microscope slides. This report describes parameters affecting the isolation in first passage and the identification by IFAT of adenovirus types 4 and 7 and coxsackievirus type A21 present in stored clinical specimens inoculated into microcultures of WI-38 cells. Isolation frequency was comparable to that obtained in tube cultures, and identification by IFAT of viruses in microcultures could be accomplished in 3 to 4 hr after recognition of a cytopathogenic effect.
Subject(s)
Adenoviridae/isolation & purification , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Adenoviridae/immunology , Animals , Cell Line , Complement Fixation Tests , Culture Media , Culture Techniques , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Enterovirus/immunology , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Immune Sera , Lung Neoplasms , Male , Methods , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Military Medicine , Mouth/microbiology , Naval Medicine , Pharynx/microbiology , Rectum/microbiology , Serotyping , Virus CultivationABSTRACT
Cell cultures were miniaturized in 1-dr vials or in capillary tubes (100 by 3 mm) and examined for their capacity to maintain normal gross morphology and sensitivity to infection by viruses during storage under a variety of conditions. The purpose of these studies was to determine the feasibility of using such cultures in the field during epidemiological investigations. From the results of this work it was concluded that such a feasibility exists.
Subject(s)
Culture Media , Culture Techniques , Virus Cultivation , Animals , Bone and Bones , Cell Line , Embryo, Mammalian , Epidemiologic Methods , Haplorhini , Humans , Kidney , Lung , Muscles , Poliovirus/growth & development , Respirovirus/growth & development , Rhinovirus/growth & development , SkinABSTRACT
The indirect fluorescent antibody test employing treated and standardized antisera and conjugated antiglobulin has been used successfully, in conjunction with a technique for growing and staining virus cell systems in situ on microscope slides, in the identification of nine respiratory viruses. By using pooled antisera in a single test, the presence or absence of these viruses was determined in 18 to 45 hr after inoculation of slide microtissue culture.
