ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was a quantitative examination of neurons of hippocampal subfields (CA1-CA4) in mature male Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus; syn. Alopex lagopus). The preparations were dyed using cresyl violet. Histological preparations were used to morphometricaly analyze the neurons of hippocampus. This analysis included the following parameters: average size of cells in µm, periphery of cells in µm, average cell area in µm2, percentage of cells in area and size of the largest and smallest cells in µm in CA1-CA4 fields. Morphometric observations show that the cells involved in hippocampal formation in polar fox in all layers CA1 -CA4 differ in size, shape, cell area and nucleus area. The size of the cell area in CA3 is the largest and fluctuates around 249.4 µm2, whereas in CA2 the cell area is 184.1 µm2. The cells of the CA2 field are densely arranged, pyramidal and contain a small amount of cytoplasm; their size fluctuates. Cells of CA2 and CA4 had the largest diameter of about 23.6 µm, whereas cells of the CA3 field had the smallest diameter of about 8.3 µm.
Subject(s)
Foxes/anatomy & histology , Hippocampus/cytology , Pyramidal Cells/cytology , Animals , MaleABSTRACT
Background. Mechanical endurance of bones to acting forces is a result of geometrical properties, mineralisation and quality of the material they are built. Bone mineral density decrease influences lower bone mechanical endurance and its higher susceptibility on fractures. Among many factors that condition proper growth, development and repair processes of skeletal system, nervous system plays very important role in processes of bone metabolism regulation and its homeostasis maintenance. Bone fractures occurrence as a result of osteopenia and its fractures connected with peripheral nervous system injury require investigations of new and effective treatments that would guarantee correct repair processes of bone tissue and its physiological function maintenance. Material and methods. All investigation was performed on 16 turkeys divided into two groups. Right ulnae were subjected to denervation, osteotomy and osteosynthesis. The first group of turkeys served as control, the second group were administered alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) directly to crop at the dosage of 0.4g/kg b.w./day by 14 weeks, starting on the next day after surgery. After finishing breeding part of experiment, the influence of AKG on mineralisation, structural and mechanical properties of denervated and osteotomied ulna was investigated. Results. Performed investigations on ulna after its osteotomy and denervation elucidated different callus formation in turkeys belong to control group and receiving AKG. The positive influence of alpha-ketoglutarate administration on morphology, mineralisation and mechanical properties of experimentally osteotomied and denervated ulna was stated.Conclusions. Obtained results prove anabolic effect of alpha-ketoglutarate on bone tissue, after its administration via digestive tract. Considering increased mineralisation, higher volumetric cortical bone density and increased trabecular bone density, AKG can be utilised as a factor in prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Achieved results indicate possibility of existence connection by AKG between digestive system and skeletal system.
ABSTRACT
Oligodendrocytes, called oligodendroglia, are present in the white and grey substance of the CNS. They constitute a heterogeneous group, in which 3 types of these cells have been distinguished: those of light, medium and dark cytoplasm. They locate themselves at the neurones and blood vessels. The number of light oligodendrocytes decrease with age, while the number of dark oligodendrocytes increase. In histochemical studies the product of the reaction located itself in the body and processes, indicating the participation of these cells in the metabolism of iron.
