ABSTRACT
This double-blind study investigated the efficacy of injectable tylosin (Tylan 200 injection, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN) for the treatment and control of porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis using a mucosal challenge model. Intramuscular (IM) tylosin was compared with sterile tylosin injection carrier (negative control). IM treatments (1 mL/22.5 kg [50 lb body weight; 4 mg/lb body weight]) were administered to two groups of pigs twice daily for 3 consecutive days, commencing 14 days after L. intracellularis challenge. Clinical signs were evaluated in 80 pigs each day for 14 days after treatment was initiated. Necropsies were performed on all pigs 14 days after treatment to evaluate gross and microscopic intestinal lesions. The challenged pigs had a positive treatment response to injectable tylosin compared with negative controls based on improvements in clinical signs, fecal polymerase chain reaction incidence on days 7 and 14, gross and microscopic intestinal lesions, average daily weight gain, and individual pig weight variation.
Subject(s)
Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/veterinary , Enteritis/veterinary , Lawsonia Bacteria , Swine Diseases/drug therapy , Tylosin/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/drug therapy , Desulfovibrionaceae Infections/microbiology , Double-Blind Method , Enteritis/drug therapy , Enteritis/microbiology , Female , Male , Swine , Swine Diseases/microbiology , Tylosin/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is a gap, however, between reports of controlled clinical trials and actual clinical use of the methods of CBT in general medical and psychiatric settings. While psychiatric medications are commonly the first line of treatment, pharmacotherapy may not completely eradicate symptomatology or may have a delayed effectiveness, during which time patients continue to suffer. Cognitive and behavioral interventions can complement, if not replace, pharmacotherapy for relief of symptoms of OCD and PTSD. This article explains how CBT works in the treatment of OCD and PTSD. Basic instructions for implementing these treatment methods are provided.
