Use of Text Messaging and Facebook Groups to Support the Healthy Children, Strong Families 2 Healthy Lifestyle Intervention for American Indian Families.

BACKGROUND: Few obesity interventions have been developed for American Indian (AI) families despite the disproportionate risk of obesity experienced within AI communities. The emergence of mobile technologies to enhance intervention delivery could particularly benefit AI communities, many of which are hard to reach and underserved. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the use and perceptions of text messaging and Facebook to support delivery of the Healthy Children, Strong Families 2 (HCSF2) mailed healthy lifestyle/obesity prevention intervention and discuss lessons learned regarding intervention support via these platforms among AI participants. METHODS: From among AI families with young children (ages 2-5 y), 450 adult-child dyads were recruited from 5 rural and urban communities for a year-long intervention. Intervention content was delivered by mail and supported by text messaging and optional Facebook groups. Participants provided feedback on text message and Facebook components post-intervention, and Facebook analytic data were tracked. RESULTS: Self-report feedback indicated high satisfaction with both text messaging and Facebook, with tangible content (e.g., recipes, physical activity ideas) cited as most useful. Overall, participants reported higher satisfaction with and perceived efficacy of Facebook content compared with text messaging. Analytic data indicate the optional HCSF2 Facebook groups were joined by 67.8% of adult participants. Among those who joined, 78.4% viewed, 50.8% "liked," and 22.6% commented on ≥1 post. Engagement levels differed by urban-rural status, with more urban participants "liking" (P = 0.01) and commenting on posts (P = 0.01). Of note, nearly one-third of participants reported changing phone numbers during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates high satisfaction regarding mobile delivery of HCSF2 intervention support components. Best practices and challenges in utilizing different mobile technologies to promote wellness among AI families are discussed, with particular focus on urban-rural differences. Future mobile-based interventions should consider the context of unstable technology maintenance, especially in low-resource communities.This work is part of the HCSF2 trial, which is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01776255).

Health Care Utilization Due to Substance Abuse Among Homeless and Nonhomeless Children and Young Adults in New York.

OBJECTIVE: Substance abuse, particularly among homeless youths, is a significant public health challenge in the United States. Detailed data about health care utilization resulting from this preventable behavior remain sparse. This study aimed to compare health care utilization rates related to substance abuse among homeless and nonhomeless youths. METHODS: A secondary data analysis evaluated records of homeless and nonhomeless patients under age 25 with a primary diagnosis of substance abuse, identified in 2013 and 2014 New York Statewide Inpatient and Emergency Department (ED) Databases. Outcomes included ED visit rate, hospitalization rate, in-hospital mortality, cost, length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) utilization, and revisit or readmission rate. Multivariable regression models with a year fixed effect and facility random effect were used to evaluate the association between homelessness and each outcome. RESULTS: A total of 68,867 cases included hospitalization or an ED visit related to substance abuse (68,118 nonhomeless and 749 homeless cases). Rates of ED visits related to substance abuse were 9.38 and 4.96, while rates of hospitalizations related to substance abuse were 10.53 and 1.01 per 1,000 homeless and nonhomeless youths, respectively. Homeless patients were more likely to utilize and revisit the ICU, be hospitalized or readmitted, incur higher costs, and have longer LOS than nonhomeless youths (all p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The hospitalization and ED visit rates related to substance abuse were 10 and two times higher among homeless youths compared with nonhomeless youths, respectively. Detailed observation is needed to clarify whether homeless youths receive high-quality care for substance abuse when necessary.

WOMAC score and arthritis diagnosis predict decreased agricultural productivity.

BACKGROUND: Arthritis and joint pain are highly prevalent in agricultural (ag) workers. Many ag operations are sustained by a small number of workers, and the disability of even one worker thus contributes to economic hardship. This study investigated associations between joint health in Montana ag workers and economic well-being and work capacity. METHODS: This observational mixed-methods study utilized quantitative survey data and qualitative focus group data. 299 ranchers and farmers in 9 Montana counties completed either an online or paper survey that included participant demographics, joint symptoms, history of arthritis and arthritis type, financial status, work capacity, and the need to rely on others to complete one's work. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities arthritis index (WOMAC) survey was completed by those with hip or knee pain. Data were entered into REDCap v8.9.2 for analysis with SAS 9.4, using logistic and linear regression models to detect associations between covariables and to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Focus groups were held with ranchers in two Montana counties, discussing similar topics, and the themes expressed were identified. RESULTS: 87.6% of survey respondents reported joint pain, 47.8% a diagnosis of arthritis, and 22.4% osteoarthritis (OA). A 10-point increase in WOMAC was significantly associated with lower work capacity (OR 2.00; 95% CI [1.58, 2.55], p < 0.01), worse financial condition (OR 1.23; 95% CI [1.01,1.48], p = 0.04), and increased reliance on others (OR 1.82; 95% CI [1.32, 2.55], p < 0.01). An arthritis diagnosis was associated with worsening work capacity (OR 4.66; 95% CI [2.71, 8.01], p < 0.01) and increased odds of relying on others (OR 3.23; 95% CI [1.56, 6.66], p < 0.01). A diagnosis of OA was significantly associated with decreased work capacity (OR 3.47; 95% CI [1.97, 6.11], p < 0.01). Unadjusted for age and BMI, we found a significant association between years spent working in agriculture and joint health, which became non-significant after adjusting for age and BMI. Focus group themes included decreased productivity with increased joint symptoms and a tendency for ranchers to avoid interaction with the health care system. CONCLUSION: Poor joint health is associated with economic risk on Montana ranches and farms.

Health Care Utilization of Homeless Minors With Diabetes in New York State From 2009 to 2014.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe differences in health care utilization between homeless and nonhomeless minors with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Statewide Inpatient Database from New York for years 2009-2014 were examined to identify pediatric patients <18 years old with diabetes. Outcomes of interest included hospitalization rate, in-hospital mortality, admission through the emergency department (ED), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hospitalization cost, and length of stay (LOS). Other variables of interest included age-group, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and year. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for in-hospital mortality, admission through ED, and DKA. Log-transformed linear regression models were used for hospitalization cost, and negative binomial regression models were used for LOS. RESULTS: A total of 643 homeless and 10,559 nonhomeless patients were identified. The hospitalization rate was higher among homeless minors, with 3.64 per 1,000 homeless population compared with 0.38 per 1,000 in the nonhomeless population. A statistically significant higher readmission rate was detected among homeless minors (20.4% among homeless and 14.1% among nonhomeless, P < 0.01). Lower rates of DKA (odds ratio 0.75, P = 0.02), lower hospitalization costs (point estimate 0.88, P < 0.01), and longer LOS (incidence rate ratio 1.20, P < 0.01) were detected among homeless minors compared with nonhomeless minors. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that among minors with diabetes, those who are homeless experience a higher hospitalization rate than the nonhomeless. Housing instability, among other environmental factors, may be targeted for intervention to improve health outcomes.

Effect of newborn screening for critical CHD on healthcare utilisation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of state-mandated policies for pulse oximetry screening on healthcare utilisation, with a focus on use of echocardiograms. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project, Statewide Inpatient Databases from 2008 to 2014 from six states. METHODS: We defined pre- and post-mandate cohorts based on dates when pulse oximetry became mandated in each state. Linear segmented regression models for interrupted time series assessed associations between implementation of the screening and changes in rate of newborns with Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram results. We also evaluated the changes in rate of newborns who underwent echocardiogram but were not diagnosed with any health issues that could cause hypoxemia. RESULTS: We identified 5967 critical CHD-negative echocardiograms (2847 and 3120 in the pre- and post-mandate periods, respectively). Our models detected a statistically significant increasing trend in rate of critical CHD-negative echocardiograms in the pre-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.08, p = 0.02), but did not detect any statistical differences in changes between pre- and post-mandate periods (Incidence Rate Ratio: 0.93, p = 0.14). Among non-Whites, an increasing trend of Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram during the pre-mandate period was detected (Incidence Rate Ratio 1.12, p < 0.01) and was attenuated during the post-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.89, p = 0.02). Similar results were observed in the sensitivity analyses among both Whites and non-Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that mandatory state screening policies are associated with reductions in false-positive screening rates for hypoxemic conditions, with reductions primarily attributed to trends among non-Whites.

Asthma Hospitalizations Among Homeless Children in New York State.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Asthma is widely prevalent among US children, particularly in homeless children, who often lack proper medication storage or the ability to avoid environmental triggers. In this study, we assess asthma-attributed health care use among homeless youth. We hypothesize that asthma hospitalization rates, symptom severity, and admission through the emergency department (ED) will be higher among homeless youth compared with nonhomeless youth. METHODS: This secondary data analysis identified homeless and nonhomeless pediatric patients (<18 years old) with a primary diagnosis of asthma from New York statewide inpatient databases between 2009 and 2014. Hospitalization rate, readmission rate, admission through the ED, ventilation use, ICU admittance, hospitalization cost, and length of stay were measured. RESULTS: We identified 71 837 asthma hospitalizations, yielding 73.8 and 2.3 hospitalizations per 1000 homeless and nonhomeless children, respectively. Hospitalization rates varied by nonhomeless income quartile, with low-income children experiencing higher rates (5.4) of hospitalization. Readmissions accounted for 16.0% of homeless and 12.5% of nonhomeless hospitalizations. Compared with nonhomeless patients, homeless patients were more likely to be admitted from the ED (odds ratio 1.96; 95% confidence interval: 1.82-2.12; P < .01), and among patients >5 years old, homeless patients were more likely to receive ventilation (odds ratio 1.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.09; P = .04). No significant differences were observed in ICU admittance, cost, or length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Homeless youth experience an asthma hospitalization rate 31 times higher than nonhomeless youth, with higher rates of readmission. Homeless youth live under uniquely challenging circumstances. Tailored asthma control strategies and educational intervention could greatly reduce hospitalizations.

Impact of pediatric cardiac surgery regionalization on health care utilization and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Regionalization directs patients to high-volume hospitals for specialized care. We investigated regionalization trends and outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Statewide inpatient data from eleven states between 2000 and 2012. STUDY DESIGN: Mortality, length of stay (LOS), and cost were assessed using multivariable hierarchical regression with state and year fixed effects. Primary predictor was hospital case-volume, categorized into low-, medium-, and high-volume tertiles. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We used Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1) to select pediatric cardiac surgery discharges. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In total, 2841 (8.5 percent), 8348 (25.1 percent), and 22 099 (66.4 percent) patients underwent heart surgeries in low-, medium-, and high-volume hospitals. Mortality decreased over time, but remained higher in low- and medium-volume hospitals. High-volume hospitals had lower odds of mortality and cost than low-volume hospitals (odds ratio [OR] 0.59, P < 0.01, and relative risk [RR] 0.91, P < 0.01, respectively). LOS was longer for high- and medium-volume hospitals, compared to low-volume hospitals (high-volume: RR 1.18, P < 0.01; medium-volume: RR 1.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Regionalization reduced mortality and cost, indicating fewer complications, but paradoxically increased LOS. Further research is needed to explore the full impact on health care utilization.

Patient characteristics and incidence of childhood hospitalisation due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the United States of America 2001-2014.

This study investigated patient characteristics in paediatric hospitalisations for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We used Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which is the largest all-payer inpatient database in the United States, yielding nationally representative estimates, from 2001 to 2014. ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes identified hospitalisations for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and <18 years. Outcomes included yearly rate of hospitalisation, death, admission via emergency department, and need for surgery. Predictors of interest were age groups (<1, 1-9, and ⩾10 y/o), sex, and race/ethnicity. Logistic regression modelled associations, adjusted by patient- and hospital-level variables. With 2302 weighted hospitalisations, hospitalisation rates were 0.22 per 100,000 children/year, with higher rates for <1 y/o (0.42) and ⩾10 y/o (0.31). Male-to-female ratios were more prominent in the oldest age group; 2.7:1 in ⩾10 y/o versus less than 1.7:1 for <10 y/o. In-hospital mortality was 1.5%, with highest mortality rates among the <1 y/o (6.3%). Children ⩾10 y/o had 5.59 times higher risk of admission from the emergency department than 1-9 y/o age group. Both ⩾10 and <1 y/o age groups had lower risk of surgical intervention compared to the 1-9 y/o group with odds ratio 0.56 and 0.26, respectively. Black children had higher risk of admission from the emergency department than White children with odds ratio 2.78. A relation between age group and sex was observed, with sex-based differences in prevalence and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becoming more pronounced with age. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms behind age and racial disparity in hospitalisation, especially admission source.

Urban/rural residence effect on emergency department visits arising from food-induced anaphylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially fatal allergic response. Early-life exposure to rural environments may help protect against allergic reaction. This study assesses urban/rural differences by age and race/ethnicity in emergency department (ED) pediatric visit rates for food-induced anaphylaxis. METHODS: This observational study examined 2009-2014 inpatient and ED data from New York and Florida, using ICD-9-CM diagnostic code (995.6) to identify food-induced anaphylaxis cases <18 y/o. Primary predictor of interest was urban/rural setting, with race/ethnicity and age also evaluated. Associations between ED visit rates and urban/rural setting were evaluated by multivariable hierarchical negative binomial regression with state and year fixed effects. RESULTS: ED visit rates (per 100,000) for food-induced anaphylaxis were 12.31 and 4.60 in urban and rural settings, respectively. Rates were highest among Blacks (15.26) younger urban children (17.29) and older rural children (6.99). Compared to rural, urban children had significantly higher anaphalaxis ED visit rates (IRR 2.77). CONCLUSIONS: Food-induced anaphylaxis ED visit rates were highest among younger urban children and Black children, with a notable contrast in age distribution between urban and rural rates. Higher urban rates may be attributed to Hygiene Hypothesis, though racial, economic and emergency care access disparities may also influence these outcomes.