ABSTRACT
An extension of the unified equation of chromatography to directly access reaction rate constants k(1) of first-order reaction in on-column chromatography is presented. This extended equation reflects different response factors in the detection of the reaction educt and product which arise from structural changes by elimination or addition, e.g., under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions. The reaction rate constants k(1) and Gibbs activation energies DeltaG(double dagger) of first-order reactions taking place in a chromatographic system can be directly calculated from the chromatographic parameters, i.e., retention times of the educt E and product P (t(R)(A) and t(R)(B)), peak widths at half height (w(A) and w(B)), the relative plateau height (h(p)) of the conversion profile, and the individual response factors f(A) and f(B). The evaluation of on-column reaction gas chromatographic experiments is exemplified by the evaluation of elution profiles obtained by ring-closing metathesis reaction of N,N-diallytrifluoroacetamide in presence of Grubbs second-generation catalyst, dissolved in polydimethylsiloxane (GE SE 30).
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Gas/methods , Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry , Kinetics , Trimethylsilyl Compounds/chemistry , CatalysisABSTRACT
The hydrogenation of 1-acetylcyclohexene, cyclohex-2-enone, nitrobenzene, and trans-methylpent-3-enoate catalyzed by highly active palladium nanoparticles was studied by high-throughput on-column reaction gas chromatography. In these experiments, catalysis and separation of educts and products is integrated by the use of a catalytically active gas chromatographic stationary phase, which allows reaction rate measurements to be efficiently performed by employing reactant libraries. Palladium nanoparticles embedded in a stabilizing polysiloxane matrix serve as catalyst and selective chromatographic stationary phase for these multiphase reactions (gas-liquid-solid) and are coated in fused-silica capillaries (inner diameter 250 microm) as a thin film of thickness 250 nm. The palladium nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of palladium acetate with hydridomethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer and self-catalyzed hydrosilylation with methylvinylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer to obtain a stabilizing matrix. Diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer (GE SE 52) was added to improve film stability over a wide range of compositions. Herein, we show by systematic TEM investigations that the size and morphology (crystalline or amorphous) of the nanoparticles strongly depends on the ratio of the stabilizing polysiloxanes, the conditions to immobilize the stationary phase on the surface of the fused-silica capillary, and the loading of the palladium precursor. Furthermore, hydrogenations were performed with these catalytically active stationary phases between 60 and 100 degrees C at various contact times to determine the temperature-dependent reaction rate constants and to obtain activation parameters and diffusion coefficients.
Subject(s)
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Palladium/chemistry , Diffusion , Hydrogenation , Kinetics , Molecular Structure , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Particle Size , Siloxanes/chemistry , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The Suzuki-type cross-coupling reaction of 2,7-dihalofluorenes with 1 equiv of arylboronic acid and Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu3) as a catalyst system is investigated. The exclusive formation of the diarylated coupling product demonstrates that "preferential oxidative addition" is also applicable to fluorene monomers due to a controlled intramolecular motion of the regenerated Pd(0) catalyst across the "large" distance between the 2- and the 7-position of one fluorene monomer.
