Mouth breathing in children with learning disorders.

UNLABELLED: Given the importance of studying the causes of learning disorders, we designed this case-control study to assess the nasal cavity volume, pharyngeal and palatine tonsils in children with and without learning disabilities. METHOD: A total of forty-eight children were enrolled in the study: twenty-four coming from the Center for Evaluation and Early Stimulation (CADEP), in which the criterion is the school failure of at least two consecutive years; and twenty-four students with normal learning - which made up the control group. The children were submitted to ENT examination (history, physical examination) and specific tests (acoustic rhinometry, cavum radiography). RESULTS: The results showed that students with learning disabilities have a higher prevalence of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001, and palatine tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001. The average volume of the nasal cavities showed no statistically significant association with learning difficulties (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, we concluded that children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy have more learning difficulties when compared to children without such hypertrophy.

Respiracao bucal em criancas com dificuldade de aprendizado / Mouth breathing in children with learning disorders

Devido à importância do estudo das causas de dificuldade de aprendizado, delineou-se estudo caso controle, para avaliar o volume das cavidades nasais, tonsilas faríngeas e tonsilas palatinas em crianças com e sem dificuldade de aprendizado. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 48 crianças, 24 oriundas do Centro de Avaliação e Estimulação Precoce (CADEP), no qual o critério é a repetência escolar de no mínimo dois anos consecutivos, e 24 escolares com aprendizado dentro dos padrões de normalidade, que constituíram o grupo controle. As crianças foram submetidas a exame otorrinolaringológico (anamnese, exame físico) e exames específicos (rinometria acústica, Rx de cavum). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que os escolares com deficiência de aprendizado possuem prevalência maior de hipertrofia de tonsila faríngea, p < 0,001, e palatina, p < 0,001. A média do volume das cavidades nasais não mostrou associação estatisticamente significativa com dificuldade de aprendizado (p = 0,75). CONCLUSÃO: Com base neste estudo, conclui-se que crianças com hipertrofia adenotonsilar possuem mais dificuldade no aprendizado quando comparadas com crianças sem hipertrofia. Palavras-chave: obstrução nasal; respiração bucal; tonsila faríngea; transtornos de aprendizagem. .

Given the importance of studying the causes of learning disorders, we designed this case-control study to assess the nasal cavity volume, pharyngeal and palatine tonsils in children with and without learning disabilities. METHOD: A total of forty-eight children were enrolled in the study: twenty-four coming from the Center for Evaluation and Early Stimulation (CADEP), in which the criterion is the school failure of at least two consecutive years; and twenty-four students with normal learning - which made up the control group. The children were submitted to ENT examination (history, physical examination) and specific tests (acoustic rhinometry, cavum radiography). RESULTS: The results showed that students with learning disabilities have a higher prevalence of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001, and palatine tonsil hypertrophy: p < 0.001. The average volume of the nasal cavities showed no statistically significant association with learning difficulties (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, we concluded that children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy have more learning difficulties when compared to children without such hypertrophy. .

Oromandibular and limb hypogenesis syndrome: treatment report.

The oromandibular and limb hypogenesis syndrome is characterized by aglossia or hypoglossia presenting with limb anomalies. In this case report, we describe congenital hypoglossia associated with glossopalatine ankylosis and middle finger hypomelia, a type III-D malformation in the Hall Classification. The orthodontic and surgical treatment consisted of 3 maxillary expansions, mandibular surgery, and dental alignment. This extensive treatment resulted in acceptable function and esthetic appearance; however, because of lingual hypoglossia, it did not effect perfect occlusion.

Avaliação cefalométrica do padrão facial do respirador oral / Cephalometric evaluation of the facial pattern of mouth breathers

Objetivo: na literatura, a respiração oral normalmente é associada com padrão facial hiperdivergente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o padrão de crescimento facial de crianças respiradoras orais, comparando quatro análises cefalométricas diferentes. Método: um estudo de caso controle foi realizado. Um grupo de 87 crianças respiradoras orais entre quatro e 14 anos e 28 respiradores nasais(controle) foi avaliado pelo otorrinolaringologista. Os sujeitos foram considerados respiradores orais quando apresentavam respiração oral, pelo menos durante a noite, por um período mínimo de seis meses. Radiografias cefalométricas em norma lateral foram utilizadas para avaliar o padrão de crescimento facial através de quatro análises diferentes: Ricketts, Jarabak, USP e McNamara. Resultados: os resultados demonstraram prevalência de indivíduos hiperdivergentes(estudo = 4,42%; controle = 46,42%) comparados com o número de indivíduos normodivergentes (estudo = 24.13%; controle = 17,85%) e hipodivergentes (estudo = 26,43%; controle = 35,78%) em ambos os grupos. A diferença entre os testes de proporção para as análises de Ricketts e Jarabak, comparando os grupos de estudo e controle, não foi significante. Mas, para as análises USP e McNamara, o teste foi significativo. Quando comparados os resultados dos índices de padrão facial das outras três análises, com os índices da análise de Ricketts, não foi encontrada relação significativa. Conclusão: com os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que não existe diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o padrão facial das crianças respiradoras orais e respiradoras nasais, quando a análise de Ricketts é aplicada. Sugere-se que pesquisas futuras considerem análises cefalométricas mais acurada para obtenção do padrão facial de crianças respiradoras orais.

Objective/aim: in literature, mouth breathing is in most cases associated with hiperdivergent face growth pattern. The goal of this study is to evaluate the facial skeletal pattern oi mauth-breathing children, comparing four different cephalometric analyses. Method: a case-control study was performed. A group of 87 mouth-breathing subjects, with average age between 4 - 14 years, and 28 nasal breathing subjects were evaluated. Subjects were considered mouth breathers when presented mouth breathing at least during the night,for a minimum period of 6 months. Cephalometric x-rays in lateral norm were used to evaluate the facial pattern by four different analyses: Ricketts, Jarabak, USP and McNamara. Results: results showed a prevalence of hyperdivergent subjects (E = 49.42%; C = 46.42%) compared to the normodivergent (E = 24.13%; C = 17.85%) and hypodivergent (E = 26.43%; C = 35.78%) facial types in both groups. The differences between proportions tests for Ricketts and Jarabak cephalometric analysis, comparing the study and the control groups, were not significant. But, for USP and McNamara analysis, the test was statistically significant. The results of three other facial pattern indexes in cephalometric analysis were compared to the Ricketts analysis and it was not found a significant relationship. Conclusion: with the achieved results in this research, we conclude that there are no statistically significant differences in facial pattern of mouth breathing and nasal breathing children, when Ricketts analysis is applied. We suggest that Future researches should consider a more accurate cephalometric analysis to obtain facial growth pattern in mouth-breathing children.

Laryngeal sequelae of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis surgery in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate laryngeal sequelae from surgical treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children, as well as associated risk factors. METHODS: Case-control study. Medical record data analysis of 50 children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, divided into two groups: with and without laryngeal sequelae. The group of patients with laryngeal sequelae was compared to those without sequelae in regard to the onset of disease, age at first surgery, number and frequency of surgeries, disease stage, and type of surgery (CO2 laser, cold forceps). RESULTS: 23 patients (46%) sustained laryngeal sequelae. The most frequent sequela was anterior commissure synechia (17 patients [34%]), followed by glottic stenosis (six patients [12%]). There was no statistically significant difference between groups with and without laryngeal sequelae regarding the disease onset (p = 0.93), age at first surgery (p = 0.68), number of surgeries (p = 0.22), annual frequency of surgery (p = 0.93), presence of papilloma in anterior (p = 0.430) or posterior commissure (p = 0.39), and type of surgery (p = 0.27). The Derkay anatomical score (a staging system that assesses the extent of the disease in the aerodigestive tract) was significantly higher in the laryngeal sequelae group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Laryngeal sequelae are a frequent complication of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis surgical treatment in children, particularly anterior commissure synechiae and glottic stenosis. Advanced stages are associated with increased risk of laryngeal sequelae after surgery.

Study of craniofacial alterations and of the importance of the rapid maxillary expansion after tonsillectomy.

UNLABELLED: Obstructive hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is associated with mouth breathing and can lead to facial imbalances. Adenotonsillectomy is not enough to treat the anatomic changes. Facial orthopedic techniques aid in morphological and functional recovery. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aimed to observe craniofacial changes after adenotonsillectomy and to verify the importance of linking rapid maxillary expansion to treatment. METHOD: Fifty-three children of both genders, aged 6 to 12 years, were allocated to: Group 1, 20 children with nasal breathing; and group 2, 33 children with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal and/or palate undergoing adenotonsillectomy. After surgery, this group was subdivided into Group 2A, 16 patients not treated with rapid maxillary expansion; and Group 2B, 17 patients treated with maxillary rapid expansion. Frontal and lateral cephalometric measurements were made prior to surgery and after 14 months. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests--significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy balanced transversal, sagittal and vertical growth in both groups, and was more effective in the group undergoing combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy improved the facial growth of children with obstructive hypertrophy, which was more evident when associated with rapid maxillary expansion.

Laryngeal sequelae of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis surgery in children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate laryngeal sequelae from surgical treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children, as well as associated risk factors. METHODS: Case-control study. Medical record data analysis of 50 children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, divided into two groups: with and without laryngeal sequelae. The group of patients with laryngeal sequelae was compared to those without sequelae in regard to the onset of disease, age at first surgery, number and frequency of surgeries, disease stage, and type of surgery (CO2 laser, cold forceps). RESULTS: 23 patients (46%) sustained laryngeal sequelae. The most frequent sequela was anterior commissure synechia (17 patients [34%]), followed by glottic stenosis (six patients [12%]). There was no statistically significant difference between groups with and without laryngeal sequelae regarding the disease onset (p = 0.93), age at first surgery (p = 0.68), number of surgeries (p = 0.22), annual frequency of surgery (p = 0.93), presence of papilloma in anterior (p = 0.430) or posterior commissure (p = 0.39), and type of surgery (p = 0.27). The Derkay anatomical score (a staging system that assesses the extent of the disease in the aerodigestive tract) was significantly higher in the laryngeal sequelae group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Laryngeal sequelae are a frequent complication of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis surgical treatment in children, particularly anterior commissure synechiae and glottic stenosis. Advanced stages are associated with increased risk of laryngeal sequelae after surgery.

Estudo das alterações craniofaciais e da importância da expansão rápida da maxila após adenotonsilectomia / Study of craniofacial alterations and of the importance of the rapid maxillary expansion after tonsillectomy

A hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas palatinas e faríngeas está associada à respiração oral e pode levar a desequilíbrios faciais. A adenotonsilectomia parece ser insuficiente para o tratamento quando ocorreram alterações anatômicas. Técnicas ortopédicas faciais auxiliam no restabelecimento morfofuncional. Estudo clínico longitudinal prospectivo objetivou observar alterações craniofaciais após adenotonsilectomia e verificar a importância de associar ortopedia ao tratamento. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Cinquenta e três crianças de ambos os gêneros, entre 6 e 12 anos, divididas em: Grupo 1, 20 crianças com respiração nasal; Grupo 2, 33 crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva das tonsilas faríngeas e/ou palatinas, submetidas à adenotonsilectomia. Após a cirurgia, este grupo foi subdividido: Grupo 2A, 16 pacientes não tratados com expansão rápida da maxila; Grupo 2B, 17 pacientes tratados com disjunção maxilar. Foram realizadas medidas cefalométricas em norma frontal e lateral anteriores à cirurgia e após 14 meses. Foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A adenotonsilectomia equilibrou o crescimento transversal, sagital e vertical em ambos os grupos, sendo mais efetiva no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. CONCLUSÕES: A adenotonsilectomia favoreceu o crescimento facial das crianças com hipertrofia obstrutiva, sendo mais evidente quando associada à expansão maxilar.

Obstructive hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids is associated with mouth breathing and can lead to facial imbalances. Adenotonsillectomy is not enough to treat the anatomic changes. Facial orthopedic techniques aid in morphological and functional recovery. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aimed to observe craniofacial changes after adenotonsillectomy and to verify the importance of linking rapid maxillary expansion to treatment. METHOD: Fifty-three children of both genders, aged 6 to 12 years, were allocated to: Group 1, 20 children with nasal breathing; and group 2, 33 children with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal and/or palate undergoing adenotonsillectomy. After surgery, this group was subdivided into Group 2A, 16 patients not treated with rapid maxillary expansion; and Group 2B, 17 patients treated with maxillary rapid expansion. Frontal and lateral cephalometric measurements were made prior to surgery and after 14 months. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests - significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy balanced transversal, sagittal and vertical growth in both groups, and was more effective in the group undergoing combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy improved the facial growth of children with obstructive hypertrophy, which was more evident when associated with rapid maxillary expansion.

Rinite alérgica - como diagnosticar e tratar / Allergic rhinitis

A rinite alérgica é uma doença crônica cujos sintomas variam quanto à frequência e à severidade. Está presente em crianças e adultos, geralmente diminuindo a qualidade de vida. O diagnóstico depende de uma história clínica detalhada, exame físico minucioso e exames complementares. O tratamento é complexo, uma vez que, além de medidas educativas, exige controle do ambiente, medicamentos diversos e, em alguns casos, imunoterapia específica e cirurgia. Esta revisão pretende abordar, de forma prática, como diagnosticar, classificar e tratar a rinite alérgica.

Adenotonsillectomy in facial growing patients: spontaneous dental effects.

UNLABELLED: Children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may have adverse effects on dental occlusion, which tend to worsen during the growth period. Diagnosis and early treatment is essential. AIM: Prospective clinical study to compare the cephalometric measurements before and after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We had 38 patients of both genders, aged between 7 and 11 years in our sample, broken down into: oral group, 18 patients with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and/or palate grade 3 or 4; control group, 20 patients with normal breathing. Angular and linear dental measurements were compared between the groups in a 14 months interval. We used the "t" Student and Wilcoxon tests for unpaired samples, at 5% significance, for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The sagittal position and axial angle of the lower incisors increased significantly in the group with oral breathing, the sagittal position of the upper incisors increased significantly in the oral group, which still had a significant increase in overbite. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy was very effective in improving some dental measurements, with benefits to growing patients preventing malocclusions from becoming difficult to treat or permanent.

Adenotonsillectomy in facial growing patients: spontaneous dental effects / Adenotonsilectomia em pacientes na fase de crescimento facial: efeitos dentários espontâneos

Children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may have adverse effects on dental occlusion, which tend to worsen during the growth period. Diagnosis and early treatment is essential. AIM: Prospective clinical study to compare the cephalometric measurements before and after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We had 38 patients of both genders, aged between 7 and 11 years in our sample, broken down into: oral group, 18 patients with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and/or palate grade 3 or 4; control group, 20 patients with normal breathing. Angular and linear dental measurements were compared between the groups in a 14 months interval. We used the "t" Student and Wilcoxon tests for unpaired samples, at 5 percent significance, for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The sagittal position and axial angle of the lower incisors increased significantly in the group with oral breathing, the sagittal position of the upper incisors increased significantly in the oral group, which still had a significant increase in overbite. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy was very effective in improving some dental measurements, with benefits to growing patients preventing malocclusions from becoming difficult to treat or permanent.

Crianças com tonsilas e adenoides hipertróficas podem apresentar efeitos desfavoráveis na oclusão dentária, que tendem a agravar no período de crescimento, tornando imprescindível seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. OBJETIVO: Este estudo clínico prospectivo comparou medidas cefalométricas dos incisivos antes e após a adenotonsilectomia, em respiradores orais. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A amostra foi de 38 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, entre 7 e 11 anos, dividida em: grupo oral, com 18 pacientes com hipertrofia obstrutiva da tonsila faríngea e/ou palatinas grau 3 ou 4; grupo controle, com 20 pacientes com respiração nasal. Medidas dentárias angulares e lineares foram comparadas entre os grupos, antes e após adenotonsilectomia, em um intervalo de 14 meses. A análise estatística utilizou os testes t-Student e Wilcoxon para amostras não pareadas, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A inclinação axial e a posição sagital dos incisivos inferiores aumentaram significativamente no grupo com respiração oral; o posicionamento sagital dos incisivos superiores aumentou significativamente no grupo oral, que ainda obteve aumento significativo de sobremordida. CONCLUSÃO: A adenoamigdalectomia se mostrou bastante eficaz na melhora de algumas medidas dentárias, com benefícios aos pacientes em crescimento, prevenindo que más oclusões dentárias tenham difícil tratamento ou se tornem definitivas.

Auditory processing in dysphonic children.

UNLABELLED: Contemporary cross-sectional cohort study. There is evidence of the auditory perception influence on the development of oral and written language, as well as on the self-perception of vocal conditions. The auditory system maturation can impact on this process. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the auditory skills of temporal ordering and localization in dysphonic children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed 42 children (4 to 8 years). STUDY GROUP: 31 dysphonic children; Comparison group: 11 children without vocal change complaints. They all had normal auditory thresholds and also normal cochleo-eyelid reflexes. They were submitted to a Simplified assessment of the auditory process (Pereira, 1993). In order to compare the groups, we used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Level of significance: 0.05 (5%). RESULTS: Upon simplified assessment, 100% of the Control Group and 61.29% of the Study Group had normal results. The groups were similar in the localization and verbal sequential memory tests. The nonverbal sequential memory showed worse results on dysphonic children. In this group, the performance was worse among the four to six years. CONCLUSION: The dysphonic children showed changes on the localization or temporal ordering skills, the skill of non-verbal temporal ordering differentiated the dysphonic group. In this group, the Sound Location improved with age.

Auditory processing in dysphonic children / Processamento auditivo em crianças disfônicas

Contemporary cross-sectional cohort study. There is evidence of the auditory perception influence on the development of oral and written language, as well as on the self-perception of vocal conditions. The auditory system maturation can impact on this process. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the auditory skills of temporal ordering and localization in dysphonic children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed 42 children (4 to 8 years). Study group: 31 dysphonic children; Comparison group: 11 children without vocal change complaints. They all had normal auditory thresholds and also normal cochleo-eyelid reflexes. They were submitted to a Simplified assessment of the auditory process (Pereira, 1993). In order to compare the groups, we used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Level of significance: 0.05 (5 percent). RESULTS: Upon simplified assessment, 100 percent of the Control Group and 61.29 percent of the Study Group had normal results. The groups were similar in the localization and verbal sequential memory tests. The nonverbal sequential memory showed worse results on dysphonic children. In this group, the performance was worse among the four to six years. CONCLUSION: The dysphonic children showed changes on the localization or temporal ordering skills, the skill of non-verbal temporal ordering differentiated the dysphonic group. In this group, the Sound Location improved with age.

Estudo de coorte contemporânea com corte transversal. Há evidências da influência da percepção auditiva sobre o desenvolvimento da linguagem oral e escrita e da autopercepção das condições vocais. A maturação do sistema auditivo pode interferir nesse processo. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar habilidades auditivas de Localização e de Ordenação Temporal em crianças disfônicas. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Avaliaram-se 42 crianças (4 a 8 anos). Grupo Pesquisa: 31 crianças disfônicas, Grupo de Comparação: 11 crianças sem queixas de alterações vocais. Todas apresentaram limiares auditivos normais e reflexo cócleo-palpebral. Foram submetidas à Avaliação Simplificada do Processamento Auditivo (Pereira, 1993). Para comparar os grupos utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Nível de significância: 0,05 (5 por cento). RESULTADOS: À Avaliação Simplificada, 100 por cento do Grupo Controle e 61,29 por cento do Grupo Pesquisa apresentaram resultados normais. Nas provas de Localização e Memória Sequencial Verbal, os grupos mostraram-se semelhantes. A Memória Sequencial Não Verbal mostrou piores resultados nas crianças disfônicas. Nesse grupo, o desempenho foi pior dos quatro aos seis anos. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças disfônicas apresentaram alterações das habilidades de localização ou ordenação temporal, a habilidade de ordenação temporal de sons não verbais diferenciou o grupo disfônico. Nesse grupo, a Localização Sonora melhorou com a idade.

Demineralization of teeth in mouth-breathing patients undergoing maxillary expansion.

UNLABELLED: Mouth breathing may cause deformities on the dental arch and be a risk factor for caries and periodontal disease; fixed orthodontic appliances compound the problem. AIM: to evaluate mineralization of tooth enamel and the oral cariogenic microbiota of mouth breathers that are using maxillary expanders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a prospective study of 20 mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia, aged from 09 to 13 years. Enamel mineralization was measured using a fluorescence technique, before installing the expander and after its removal. The cariogenic microbiota was evaluated by the No Caries®. The t test (p<0.05) was applied for the statistical analysis, and the oral microbiota was analyzed by incidence. RESULTS: there was a statistically significant difference in the enamel mineralization level after maxillary expansion; the mean value was 3.08. The colorimetric test showed that the caries development potential was reduced in 45%, increased in 15%, and unaltered in 40% after maxillary expander use. CONCLUSION: there was a statistically significant difference in enamel mineralization after maxillary expansion; this difference was within the clinically normal range; the cariogenic potential increased in a small number of patients during orthodontic treatment.

Desmineralização dentária de pacientes respiradores orais submetidos à expansão maxilar / Demineralization of teeth in mouth-breathing patients undergoing maxillary expansion

A respiração oral pode causar deformações na arcada dentária e representar risco a cáries e doenças periodontais, podendo ser agravado pela utilização de aparelhos fixos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário e a microbiota cariogênica bucal de respiradores orais que utilizaram disjuntores maxilares. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 20 pacientes respiradores orais com atresia maxilar, idades entre 9 e 13 anos. A mineralização do esmalte dentário foi medida pela técnica de fluorescência, antes da instalação do disjuntor maxilar e após sua remoção. A microbiota cariogênica foi avaliada pelo No Caries®. Na análise estatística utilizamos o teste "t" (p<0,05), e a microbiota oral analisada por incidência. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário após a disjunção maxilar, com valor médio de 3,08. O teste colorimétrico demonstrou que 45 por cento diminuiu e 15 por cento aumentou o potencial à cárie dentária, sendo que 40 por cento permaneceu inalterado após o uso do disjuntor maxilar. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no grau de mineralização do esmalte dentário nos pacientes respiradores orais após a utilização de disjuntor, porém dentro da faixa de normalidade clínica, e um número pequeno de pacientes aumentou o potencial cariogênico durante o tratamento ortodôntico.

Mouth breathing may cause deformities on the dental arch and be a risk factor for caries and periodontal disease; fixed orthodontic appliances compound the problem. AIM: to evaluate mineralization of tooth enamel and the oral cariogenic microbiota of mouth breathers that are using maxillary expanders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a prospective study of 20 mouth-breathing patients with maxillary atresia, aged from 09 to 13 years. Enamel mineralization was measured using a fluorescence technique, before installing the expander and after its removal. The cariogenic microbiota was evaluated by the No Caries®. The t test (p<0.05) was applied for the statistical analysis, and the oral microbiota was analyzed by incidence. RESULTS: there was a statistically significant difference in the enamel mineralization level after maxillary expansion; the mean value was 3.08. The colorimetric test showed that the caries development potential was reduced in 45 percent, increased in 15 percent, and unaltered in 40 percent after maxillary expander use. CONCLUSION: there was a statistically significant difference in enamel mineralization after maxillary expansion; this difference was within the clinically normal range; the cariogenic potential increased in a small number of patients during orthodontic treatment.

Posture and posterior crossbite in oral and nasal breathing children.

The most known etiologic factors of oral breathing may influence the craniofacial development leading to anatomical and functional alterations. A proper head and cervical spine posture allows a well functioning of the stomatognathic system structures and vice versa. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of posterior crossbite in a group of oral breathing children (OB) and nasal (NB) and associate the type of bite with the head and cervical spine posture. It was concluded that most of the children, either oral or nasal breathers, did not present a crossbite and any kind of head posture and cervical spine can vary independently of a posterior crossbite.

Rinossinusites / Rhinosinusitis

A rinossinusite é uma doença frequente na prática diária de clínicos gerais, pediatras, alergologistas, pneumologistas e otorrinolaringologistas. Embora tenha baixa mortalidade e alta morbidade, há situações específicas que precisam ser reconhecidas, em que as complicações podem colocar a vida do paciente em risco. Por ser abordada por diversas especialidades e ter formas variadas de apresentações, é importante definir uma classificação comum a fim de estabelecer diagnósticos mais precisos, racionalizar a solicitação de exames complementares e instituir tratamentos adequados. Dessa forma, haverá uma redução nos custos do tratamento, nas complicações e nas formas crônicas da doença, garantindo uma melhor qualidade de vida para o paciente.

Ulceração aftosa recorrente no Ambulatório de Estomatologia da UNIFESP / Recurrent aphtous stomatitis in Stomatology Clinic UNIFESP (Universidade Federal de São Paulo)

Introdução e objetivo: A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma doença inflamatória bucal crônica de distribuição mundial, cuja prevalência varia entre 5% e 66%, com média de 30%, e continua representando problema clínico sem solução satisfatória. Apesar da etiopatogenia da UAR ainda ser desconhecida, ela é considerada doença multifatorial, na qual componentes genéticos, microbiológicos e imunológicos concorrem simultaneamente ou sequencialmente para o surgimento e evolução das lesões ulcerativas. Alguns fatores são apontados como modificadores ou desencadeantes das UAR, entre eles os mais estudados estão as alterações hormonais, estresse, traumatismos locais e nutricionais (deficiências de vitamina B12, ácido fólico e ferro). O objetivo deste artigo foi delinear o perfil dos pacientes com UAR acompanhados no Ambulatório de Estomatologia da UNIFESP, no período de 1999 a 2009. Foi elaborado um questionário, assim como um banco de dados para coletar e gerenciar as características clínicas da UAR dos pacientes. Resultados: O tipo mais comum de afta era o tipo minor (92%), o sítio de maior acometimento das lesões era a mucosa jugal (21%), seguida pela mucosa labial, 90% dos pacientes eram não fumantes, em 50% dos pacientes encontramos história familiar de UAR e apenas 28% dos pacientes relacionaram o estresse ao surto de aftas. Apenas 45% dos pacientes relataram piora com alimentação. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que os principais fatores associados à ocorrência da UAR foram predisposição familiar e alimentação e de forma negativa o uso do tabaco.

Tratamento em criança classe III com os aparelhos ortopédicos funcionais de uso noturno e a ortodontia: relato de um caso clínico / Class III maloclussion treated using night time use of Functional Appliences and Orthodontics in a child: case report

A correção da má oclusão de Classe III de Angle é considerada um grande desafio, quando associada com respiração bucal, o tratamento é difícil de ser conduzido e oneroso, porque é multidisciplinar incluindo as especialidades: otorrinolaringologia, fonoaudiologia, ortopedia funcional dos maxilares e, para o alinhamento dentário, a ortodontia. No caso clínico aqui relatado, com esta interação profissional, conseguimos recuperar a respiração nasal, corrigir a mordida cruzada anterior; entretanto, a relação molar continuou em classe III. O canino foi corrigido para uma oclusão de classe I de Angle. Durante o controle anual, após o término do tratamento, observou-se a estabilidade funcional e oclusal da paciente. E, após cinco anos, tanto o molar, quanto os caninos apresentaram-se em Classe I. As relações das bases ósseas, embora com uma tendência esquelética de classe III estavam bem posicionadas. Este tratamento precoce, com interação multidisciplinar, obteve resultados estáveis.

Angle class III is one of the most challenging malocclusion and its treatment must aim to improve occlusion and muscular function in the masticator system, producing a satisfactory and stable result. This clinical report presents a patient with in mixed dentition associated with a Class III malocclussion. By combining functional and fixed appliances, the nasal breathing was reestablised and the open bite was closed. After five years, the molars and canines were in Angle Class I and a good occlusion was reinstated and muscular activity was improved. Therefore, this case report supports the idea of including myofunctional treatments when a Class III is treated at an early age.

Interleukin-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism and nasal polyposis.

INTRODUCTION: Nasal polyposis is a chronic disease with unknown etiopathogenesis, although inflammatory mechanisms seem to play a role. One of several inflammatory mediators linked to nasal polyposis is Interleukin-6, which has a single nucleotide polymorphism -174 G/C that seems to promote an inflammatory reaction. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of the -174 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism between a group of patients with nasal polyposis and a control group. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with two groups (thirty two patients with nasal polyposis and fifty five controls) to investigate the -174 G/C polymorphism in blood samples. Asthma, aspirin intolerance and atopy were main exclusion criteria. IL-6 genotyping was performed using the PCR method with forward primer 5'-ATGCCAAGTGCTGAGTCACTA-3' and reverse primer 5'-GGAAAATCCCACATTTGATA-3', amplifying a 226-bp DNA fragment that contained the - 174 position. The amplified fragment can be cleaved by restriction enzyme NlaIII when the -174 position presented the C allele in two fragments of 117 and 109-bp, visualized by electrophoresis, classifying participants in GG, GC and CC. RESULTS: In the nasal polyposis group, 65.62% of the patients had the GG genotype, while in the control group, 41.82% had two G alleles, a statistically significant difference, with an odds ratio of 2.65. CONCLUSION: The -174 GG genotype was found more frequently in nasal polyposis patients than in controls, when asthma, aspirin intolerance and atopy were excluded.