SARS-CoV-2 versus other minor viral infection on kidney injury in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has become a global pandemic since December 2019. Most of the patients are mild or asymptomatic and recovered well as those suffered from other respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection is supposed to demonstrate more sequelae. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among COVID-19 patients and is associated with disease severity and outcomes. Only a few studies focused on a detailed analysis of kidney damage in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Whether any minor viral infection is likely to exhibit similar minor effect on renal function as COVID-19 is still unclear, and the definite pathophysiology of viral invasion is not fully understood. Currently, the proposed mechanisms of AKI include direct effects of virus on kidney, dysregulated immune response, or as a result of multi-organs failure have been proposed. This study will discuss the difference between COVID-19 and other viruses, focusing on proposed mechanisms, biomarkers and whether it matters with clinical significance.

Mortality rate of end-stage kidney disease patients in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a global burden that reflects each country's unique condition. We used the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to decipher changes in the mortality and international survival rates and to determine the effectiveness of the pre-end-stage renal disease care program (pre-ESRD care program) to guide future health policies for ESKD. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of the NHIRD data along with records from the catastrophic illness certificate program of ESKD patients from 2010 to 2018. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2018, the annual dialysis-related mortality rate in Taiwan increased from 10.6 to 11.8 deaths per hundred patient-years. The mortality rate for patients below 40 years appears to be decreasing, reflecting the improved quality of care for ESKD patients. Patients above 75 years showed increasing mortality, indicating the prolonged survival and aging of the ESKD population. Patients undergoing dialysis who participated in the pre-ESRD care program had a higher post-dialysis initiation life expectancy than those who did not participate. Among the program enrollees, the post-dialysis initiation life expectancy was higher in patients who had participated for more than one year. Taiwan has one of the highest ESKD patient survival rates globally. CONCLUSION: From 2010 to 2018, the reduced mortality in young patients and aging of the ESKD population might indicate that the quality of care in Taiwan for ESKD has improved. Furthermore, a better survival rate after dialysis initiation was observed in the pre-ESRD care program participants.