[Analysis on the Distribution Characteristics and Influence Mechanism of Migration and Transformation of Heavy Metals in Mining Wasteland].

In order to explore the distribution characteristics and the influence mechanism of migration and transformation of heavy metals in mining wasteland, soil and tailings samples were collected from the mining wasteland in the Dabaoshan Mining area, Guangdong Province, and the morphological characteristics of heavy metals were analyzed. At the same time, the pollution sources of the mining area were analyzed using Pb stable isotope analysis, and the characteristics and influencing factors of heavy metal migration and transformation in the mining area were expounded by combining X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscope-energy spectrum analysis (TEM-EDS), and Raman analysis of typical minerals in the mining area, as well as laboratory-simulated leaching experiments. Morphological analysis showed that the forms of Cd, Pb, and As in the soil and tailings samples in the mining area were mainly the residual phase, accounting for 85%-95% of the total, followed by the iron and manganese oxide-bound form (1%-15%). The main mineral types in the soil and tailings in the Dabaoshan Mining area were pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and metal oxides, as well as a small amount of sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS). Acidic conditions (pH=3.0) were beneficial to the release and migration of Cd and Pb from soil, tailings, and minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite) and from the residual phase to the non-residual phase. Lead isotope analysis showed that the lead in the soil and tailings mainly came from the release of metal minerals in the mining area, and the contribution of diesel in the mining area was less than 30%. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite, and Metal oxide were the main sources of heavy metals in the soil and tailings in the mining area, in which Cd, As, and Pb were mainly contributed by sphalerite and metal oxide. The form change in heavy metals in the mining wasteland was easily affected by environmental factors. The form characteristics and migration and transformation factors of heavy metals should be considered in the source control of heavy metal pollution in mining wasteland.

[Characteristics of Plant Diversity and Heavy Metal Enrichment and Migration Under Different Ecological Restoration Modes in Abandoned Mining Areas].

In order to select plant materials suitable for the ecological restoration of abandoned mining land, ecological restoration experiments were set up in landfills. The effects of different ecological restoration measures on plant diversity and heavy metal enrichment and migration characteristics were studied. The results showed that under different ecological restoration measures, a total of eight families and 10 species of surviving plants appeared, most of which were herbs. The restoration effect of the arbor shrub and grass plots was the best; the plant coverage reached 100%, and the survival rate was over 69%. The diversity index of the plant community was as follows:arbor shrub grass > shrub grass > joe grass > grass. The dominant plants under different ecological restoration measures were Pinus elliottii, Ligustrum lucidum, Boehmeria nivea, Lagerstroemia indica, and Plantago asiatica. The contents of most heavy metals in plants were higher than the normal values. Among them, the enrichment and transfer coefficients of the leaf stems of P. elliottii and L. indica were close to or greater than 1, showing a strong ability of enrichment and transfer to Cd; these two plants belong to Cd-enrichment type plants. The roots of L. lucidum Ait and P. asiatica, which are root-hoarding plants, had a high retention rate of heavy metals. Boehmeria nivea was a heavy metal-avoidance plant with a low content of heavy metals in each part and had the ability to fix and repair potential soil heavy metal pollution. Considering the diversity of plants and the ability of plant enrichment and migration, the combination of trees, shrubs, and grasses was the best restoration mode. Pinus elliottii, L. indica, and P. asiatica can be the target plants for ecological restoration in the abandoned land of mining areas.

[Water treatment efficiency of constructed wetland plant-bed/ditch systems].

Shijiuyang constructed wetland (SJY-CW) in Jiaxing City adopted plant-bed/ditch systems originated from the natural landscape as its major functioning unit. The constructed root channel technology (CRCT) is the core technique applied within the plant-bed/ditch systems. Monitoring results demonstrated that the wetland had the capability of improving water quality indexes by one rank grade according to the national environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002). In order to optimize the water quality improvement function of plant-bed/ditch systems and CRCT, a pilot project in SJY-CW was constructed from May to October, 2010. The project contained 16 independent experimental cells. Orthogonal test design was applied to probe into the effects of constructed root channel layers, plant species combination, and reinforced physical substrates on promoting the water quality amelioration efficiency of the plant-bed/ditch systems. Comprehensively considering water treatment effects, construction difficulty, and construction and maintenance cost, the recommended optimal ways are as follows. Plant straws were preferably paved under subsurface zones by two layers with a gap of 20-30 cm. The preferable plant combination was reed (Phragmites australis) plus wild rice (Zizania caduciflora). Calcite might be applied as alternative reinforced media in some suitable sites of plant-bed/ditch systems. Water treatment effects were compared between pilot project and the whole wetland area of SJY-CW. The results showed that the reinforced pilot project exhibited higher treatment efficiency for nutrients than SJY-CW itself. The removal rates of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen were increased by about 20% - 40% in the pilot project. This suggested that SJY-CW could release its vast water treatment potential by means of increasing water flux through the subsurface root channel zones of plant beds. Therefore, some adjustment and control measures could be proposed to maintain the tradeoff balance between the potential release and maximization of wetland treatment efficiency and the treated water amount, such as constructing or modifying the hydraulic structures to regulate flow amount through large ditch, redistributing water flow and increasing the water head difference between the two sides of alternate small ditches.

[Diversity of plant in Jiaxing Shijiuyang ecological wetland for drinking water during operation].

The Shijiuyang ecological wetland for drinking water of Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province is one of the biggest constructed wetlands for water resource protection in China. To ensure a deep understanding of the present status of the wetland vegetation of Shijiuyang ecological wetland which has been run for 2.5 years and provide support for the vegetation management of ecological wetland, systematic investigation was carried out by using plot method and quadrat method in October to November, 2010. The species composition, dynamics of plant diversity and the biomass production during operation were analyzed. Altogether 70 species belonging to 28 families and 62 genera were recorded. Among them, there were 26 wetland plants, 20 mesophytes, 14 emergent, 4 submerged, 6 floating ones. Compared with the preliminary stage, the species numbers of wetland plants increased significantly from 15 species to 70 species. The spatial pattern of riparian species diversity was examined by adopting the Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index as species diversity indices. The results showed that the riparian species diversity was higher in the west of the Beijiaohe river (Simpson index = 0.468 3, Shannon-Wiener index = 0.835 2) than that in the south of the Dongsheng Road (Simpson index = 0.357 6, Shannon-Wiener index = 0.660 4). The analyses of quantitative characteristics of wetland vegetation showed that the plants in the root-channel purification zone in the south of the Dongsheng Road grew better than those in the west of the Beijiaohe river. With regard to the riparian vegetation, the riparian plants in the west of the Beijiaohe river were more abundant. The mean biomass production (dry weight) in the root-channel purification zone was 1.73 kg x m(-2) and the total area was 9.12 x 10(4) m2, so the total biomass production was estimated to be 157.8 t. In the same way, the mean riparian vegetation biomass production(dry weight) was 0.83 kg x m(-2) and the total vegetation area was 3.75 x 10(4) m2, so the total riparian vegetation biomass production(dry weight) was estimated as 31.1 t.

[Degradation of endocrine disruptor atrazine in drinking water by UV radiation].

The degradation of atrazine with low concentration in drinking water by UV radiation was studied. The main influencing factors and degradation mechanism of this technology were discussed. Experimental results show that the photolytic degradation of atrazine by UV radiation alone is very efficient. Under 205 microW/cm2 irradiation intensity, atrazine removal ratio is 92.38% after 120 minutes. The rate of photodecomposition in aqueous solution follows first-order kinetics. The removal ratio of atrazine can be greatly enhanced by increasing the intensity of UV radiation. The initial concentration of atrazine has no effect on the oxidation reaction. The organic matter and various ion in tap water will decrease the degradation rate. The primary degradation pathway is dechlorination. The reaction rate is high. The hydroxylated compound is the major intermediate product. Hydroyatrazine can be further decomposed by UV radiation and form dealkylated derivatives. But the rate of dealkylated reaction is very low. There is intimate relationship between the change of pH in the solution and the formation of intermediate products.

[Novel mutation of fibrillin 1 gene cause ectopia lentis in a Chinese family].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the mutation gene of a Chinese family with ectopia lentis. METHODS: Clinical observation and pedigree analysis were undertaken in a family with ectopia lentis. Venous blood was drawn from 7 affected and 3 unaffected subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted. Linkage to the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) locus was not excluded. Mutation of this gene was screened by PCR of FBN1 exons and direct sequencing. PCR and restrictive endonuclease digestion were applied for population study. RESULTS: A missense mutation G640A in exon six of FBN1 gene was identified in affected patients of this Chinese family. The correspond amino acid change was Gly214Ser. Restrictive endonuclease site Eag I was eliminated. This mutation was not found in unaffected family members of this family nor it was found among 50 unrelated normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: A novel mutation of FBN1 gene with Glycine to Serine change is responsible for the ectopia lentis patients in a Chinese family.