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Background: The neuropilin-like, Discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2 (DCBLD2) is a transmembrane protein with an unusually long signal sequence (SS) composed of N-terminal (N) and C-terminal (C) subdomains, separated by a transition (tra) subdomain. DCBLD2 interacts with VEGFR-2 and regulates VEGF-induced endothelial cell signaling, proliferation and migration, as well as angiogenesis. The exact mechanisms by which DCBLD2 interacts with VEGFR2 to modulate VEGF signaling remain unclear. Methods: Searching for VEGFR2 interacting DCBLD2 domains, we generated various constructs containing different DCBLD2 domain combinations and conducted co-immunoprecipitation and signaling studies in HEK 293T and endothelial cells. Several peptides were synthesized based on the identified domain, and their effect on VEGF signaling was assessed in vitro in cell culture and in vivo using matrigel plug and corneal micropocket assays. The effect of the lead peptide was further evaluated using a murine hindlimb ischemia model. Results: DCBLD2 SS interacted with VEGFR2 and promoted VEGF signaling. SS was not cleaved in the mature DCBLD2 and its hydrophobic transmembrane 'traC' segment, but not the 'N' subdomain, was involved in DCBLD2-VEGFR2 interaction. The smallest unit in DCBLD2 SS that interacts with VEGFR2 was the L5VL5 sequence. Even after the central valine was removed, the L10 sequence mimicked the DCBLD2 SS traC's effect on VEGF-signaling, while shorter or longer poly-leucine sequences were less effective. Finally, a synthetic traC peptide enhanced VEGF signaling in vitro, promoted VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo, and improved blood flow recovery following hindlimb ischemia. Conclusion: DCBLD2 SS along with its derivative peptides can promote VEGFR2 signaling and angiogenesis. Synthetic peptides based on DCBLD2 SS hold promise as therapeutic agents for regulating angiogenesis. Importantly these findings refine the traditional view of signal sequences as mere targeting elements, revealing a role in cellular signaling. This opens new avenues for research and therapeutic strategies.
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Although thousands of genes have been identified or cloned in rice (Oryza sativa) in the last two decades, the majority of them have only been separately characterized in specific varieties or single-gene modified backgrounds, thus limiting their practical application. We developed an optimized multiplex genome editing (MGE) toolbox that can efficiently assemble and stably express up to twelve sgRNA targets in a single plant expression vector. In this study, we established the MGE-based Rapid Directional Improvement (MRDI) strategy for directional improvement of complex agronomic traits in one small-scale rice transformation. This approach provides a rapid and practical procedure, encompassing sgRNA assembly, transgene-free screening and the creation of promising germplasm, by combining the precision of gene editing with phenotype-based field breeding. The MRDI strategy was used to generate the full diversity of twelve main agronomic genes in rice cultivar FXZ for the directional improvement of its growth duration and plant architecture. After applying the MRDI to FXZ, ideal plants with the desired traits of early heading date reduced plant height, and more effective panicles were generated without compromising yield, blast resistance and grain quality. Furthermore, the results of whole-genome sequencing (WGS), including the analysis of structural variations (SVs) and single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the MGE plants, confirmed the high specificity and low frequency of unwanted mutations associated with this strategy. The MRDI breeding strategy would be a robust approach for exploring and applying crucial agronomic genes, as well as for generating novel elite germplasm in the future.
Subject(s)
Gene Editing , Genome, Plant , Oryza , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/growth & development , Gene Editing/methods , Genome, Plant/genetics , Plant Breeding/methods , Phenotype , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/geneticsABSTRACT
Domain of unknown function (DUF) protein families, which are uncharacterized and numerous within the Pfam database. Recently, studies have demonstrated that DUFs played crucial roles in plant development, but whether, or how, they function in drought resistance remain unclear. In this study, we identified the Os03g0321500 gene, encoding OsbZIP72 binding protein 1 (OsBBP1), as a target of OsbZIP72 using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in rice. OsBBP1 is a novel member of DUFs, which localize both in the nuclei and cytoplasm of rice protoplasts. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed the specific binding between OsbZIP72 and OsBBP1. Additionally, a luciferase reporter analysis illustrated that OsbZIP72 activated the expression of OsBBP1. Drought tolerance experiments demonstrate that the OsBBP1 CRISPER-CAS9 transgenic mutants were sensitive to drought stress, but the transgenic OsBBP1 over-expressing rice plants showed enhanced drought resistance. Moreover, drought tolerance experiments in a paddy field suggested that OsBBP1 contributed to less yield or yield-related losses under drought conditions. Mechanistically, OsBBP1 might confer drought resistance by inducing more efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Several ROS scavenging-related genes showed increased expression levels in OsBBP1 overexpression lines and decreased expression levels in OsBBP1 CRISPER-CAS9 mutants under drought conditions. Thus, OsBBP1, acting downstream of OsbZIP72, contributes to drought resistance and causes less yield or yield-related losses under drought conditions.
Subject(s)
Droughts , Oryza , Plant Proteins , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/physiology , Oryza/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Drought ResistanceABSTRACT
The management of epilepsy during pregnancy presents particular challenges for neurologists worldwide. Currently, there are no clear recommendations for oxcarbazepine (OXC) specific target concentration during pregnancy. We conducted this retrospective observational cohort study on pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE) who received OXC monotherapy or polytherapy, at the epilepsy outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in eastern China. Sixteen pregnancies of 16 WWE were split into the seizure-free group or the non-seizure-free group, according to whether they had been seizure free for more than one year prior to conception or not. There was a significantly decrease in OXC concentration throughout pregnancy, as indicated by the concentration/dose ratio and the ratio of target concentration (RTC). The second trimester of pregnancy was the period when seizure deterioration occurred the most, particularly in the non-seizure-free group. Lower RTC_OXC was identified to be a risk factor for increasing seizure frequency in both the total group and the non-seizure-free group in both univariate and multivariate analysis, with a threshold of 0.575 for differentiating patients at high-risk and low-risk for seizure deterioration. In conclusion, this study suggested an OXC concentration threshold of 0.575 during pregnancy for assisting neurologists in OXC drug monitoring and dose adaptation.
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Cassava flour (CF) was used as a raw material to replace wheat flour (WF) at levels of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% to prepare wheat-cassava composite flour (W-CF) and dough. The effects of different CF substituting levels on the functional properties of the W-CF and dough were investigated. The results show that an increase in CF led to a decrease in the moisture, protein, fat, and b* values of W-CF. The crude fiber, ash, starch, L*, a* values, iodine blue value (IBV), and swelling power (SP) of the composite flour increased gradually. It was found that the water absorption, hardness, and chewiness of the W-CF dough increased with an increase in the CF substitution level. A different trend could be observed with the springiness and cohesiveness of the W-CF dough. The resistance to extension, extensibility, and the extended area of the W-CF dough at all substitution levels was significantly lower than that of the WF dough. The elasticity and cohesiveness of the dough tended to increase for CF content from 10% to 30%, followed by a decrease at a higher replacement. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the substitution levels of CF had a significant influence on the proximate analysis and functional properties of the W-CF and dough. This study will provide important information on choosing CF substitution levels for different products.
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INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide and has no approved therapy. Currently, more than 700 drugs are tested in the COVID-19 clinical trials, and full evaluation of their cardiotoxicity risks is in high demand. METHODS: We mainly focused on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), one of the most concerned drugs for COVID-19 therapy, and investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of HCQ on hERG channel via molecular docking simulations. We further applied the HEK293 cell line stably expressing hERG-wild-type channel (hERG-HEK) and HEK293 cells transiently expressing hERG-p.Y652A or hERG-p.F656A mutants to validate our predictions. Western blot analysis was used to determine the hERG channel, and the whole-cell patch clamp was utilized to record hERG current (IhERG). RESULTS: HCQ reduced the mature hERG protein in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Correspondingly, chronic and acute treatment of HCQ decreased the hERG current. Treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) and HCQ combination reduced hERG protein to a greater extent than BFA alone. Moreover, disruption of the typical hERG binding site (hERG-p.Y652A or hERG-p.F656A) rescued HCQ-mediated hERG protein and IhERG reduction. CONCLUSION: HCQ can reduce the mature hERG channel expression and IhERG via enhancing channel degradation. The QT prolongation effect of HCQ is mediated by typical hERG binding sites involving residues Tyr652 and Phe656.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Hydroxychloroquine , Humans , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , ERG1 Potassium Channel/genetics , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/chemistry , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/genetics , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Hydroxychloroquine/pharmacology , Ion Channels , Molecular Docking Simulation , MutationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The sterile lemma is a unique organ of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) spikelet. However, the characteristics and origin of the rice sterile lemma have not been determined unequivocally, so it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development of the sterile lemma. RESULTS: In the paper, we outline the regulatory mechanism of sterile lemma development by LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1), which has been identified as the gene controlling sterile lemma development. Based on the comprehensive analyses of transcriptome dynamics during sterile lemma development with G1 alleles between wild-type (WT) and mutant (MT) in rice, we obtained co-expression data and regulatory networks related to sterile lemma development. Co-transfection assays of rice protoplasts confirmed that G1 affects the expression of various phytohormone-related genes by regulating a number of critical transcription factors, such as OsLBD37 and OSH1. The hormone levels in sterile lemmas from WT and MT of rice supports the hypotheses that lower auxin, lower gibberellin, and higher cytokinin concentrations are required to maintain a normal phenotype of sterile lemmas. CONCLUSION: The regulatory networks have considerable reference value, and some of the regulatory relationships exhibiting strong correlations are worthy of further study. Taken together, these work provided a detailed guide for further studies into the molecular mechanism of sterile lemma development.
Subject(s)
Oryza , Gene Regulatory Networks , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , MutationABSTRACT
The study aims to evaluate the relationships between characteristics of regional rice raw material and resulting quality of rice noodles. Four of most commonly used rice cultivars in Guangxi for noodles production were investigated. The results showed that compositions of rice flour primarily affected gelatinization and retrogradation, which then influenced the textural and sensory properties of rice noodles. Amylose content had strong positive correlation with peak viscosity (PV) and trough viscosity (TV) of rice flour (P < 0.01). PV and TV had strong negative correlations with adhesive strength (P < 0.01) and positive correlations with chewiness (P < 0.05), hardness, peak load and deformation at peak of rice noodles (P < 0.01). Protein content had positive correlation with the Setback of rice flour (P < 0.05), which is known to have influences on retrogradation. In addition, solubility had positive correlations with cooking loss (P < 0.01) and broken rate (P < 0.05) of rice noodles and strong negative correlation with its springiness (P < 0.01). Swelling power had negative correlation with broken rate (P < 0.05). As sensory score of rice noodles was negatively correlated with broken rate (P < 0.05) and cooking loss (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with springiness (P < 0.01), solubility and swelling power of rice flours were presumed to be useful for predicting consumer acceptability of rice noodles.
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BACKGROUND: Genetic improvement of soybean oil content depends on in-depth study of the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway. The first acylation reaction catalysed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. However, the genes encoding GPATs in soybean remain unknown. METHODS: We used a novel yeast genetic complementation system and seed-specific heterologous expression to identify GmGPAT activity and molecular function in glycerolipid biosynthesis. RESULTS: Sixteen GmGPAT genes were cloned by reverse transcription-PCR for screening in yeast genetic complementation. The results showed that GmGPAT9-2 could restore the conditional lethal double knockout mutant strain ZAFU1, and GmGPAT1-1 exhibited low acyltransferase activity in serial dilution assays. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression pattern of GmGPAT9-2 exhibited tissue specificity in leaves, flowers and seeds at different developmental stages. Furthermore, both the proportion of arachidic acid and erucic acid were significantly elevated in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines containing the seed-specific GmGPAT9-2 compared wild type, but the oil content was not affected. CONCLUSION: Together, our results provide reference data for future engineering of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid composition improvement through GPATs in soybean.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis , Glycine max , Acyltransferases/genetics , Acyltransferases/metabolism , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Glycerol/metabolism , Phosphates , Plant Oils/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Seeds/metabolism , Soybean Oil/analysis , Soybean Oil/metabolism , Glycine max/genetics , Glycine max/metabolism , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) still carries a high risk for a sustained decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) even with the optimal medical therapy. Currently, there is no effective tool to stratify these patients according to their recovery potential. We tested the hypothesis that uric acid (UA) could predict recovery of LVEF and prognosis of HFrEF patients and attempted to explore mechanistic relationship between hyperuricemia and HFrEF. Methods: HFrEF patients with hyperuricemia were selected from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2016-2018 database and our Xianyang prospective cohort study. Demographics, cardiac risk factors, and cardiovascular events were identified. Network-based analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between recovery of LVEF and hyperuricemia, and we further elucidated the underlying mechanisms for the impact of hyperuricemia on HFrEF. Results: After adjusting confounding factors by propensity score matching, hyperuricemia was a determinant of HFrEF [OR 1.247 (1.172-1.328); P < 0.001] of NIS dataset. In Xianyang prospective cohort study, hyperuricemia is a significant and independent risk factor for all-cause death (adjusted HR 2.387, 95% CI 1.141-4.993; P = 0.021), heart failure readmission (adjusted HR 1.848, 95% CI 1.048-3.259; P = 0.034), and composite events (adjusted HR 1.706, 95% CI 1.001-2.906; P = 0.049) in HFrEF patients. UA value at baseline was negatively correlated to LVEF of follow-ups (r = -0.19; P = 0.046). Cutoff UA value of 312.5 µmmol/L at baseline can work as a predictor of LVEF recovery during follow-up, with the sensitivity of 66.7%, the specificity of 35.1%, and the accuracy of 0.668 (95% CI, 0.561-0.775; P = 0.006). Moreover, gene overlap analysis and network proximity analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between HFrEF and Hyperuricemia. Conclusion: Lower baseline UA value predicted the LVEF recovery and less long-term adverse events in HFrEF patients. Our results provide new insights into underlying mechanistic relationship between hyperuricemia and HFrEF.
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Expression of a neuropilin-like protein, DCBLD2, is reduced in human calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). DCBLD2-deficient mice develop bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and CAVD, which is more severe in BAV mice compared with tricuspid littermates. In vivo and in vitro studies link this observation to up-regulated bone morphogenic protein (BMP)2 expression in the presence of DCBLD2 down-regulation, and enhanced BMP2 signaling in BAV, indicating that a combination of genetics and BAV promotes aortic valve calcification and stenosis. This pathway may be a therapeutic target to prevent CAVD progression in BAV.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dietary risks have always been a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially in young people. This article aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive view of the spatial, temporal and sexual heterogeneity in diet-attributable CVD burdens from 1990 to 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data on diet-attributable CVD burdens were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. Numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were determined. Globally, the number of diet-attributable CVD deaths and DALYs in 2019 were 6.9 million and 153.2 million, marking 43.8% and 34.3% increases since 1990, respectively. However, ASRs of death and DALYs have declined over time. The regions with the highest ASRs of diet-related CVD deaths and DALYs were in Central Asia, whereas the lowest ASRs of CVD deaths and DALYs were observed in the high-income Asia Pacific region. Globally, men suffered higher death and DALY burdens than women. Ischemic heart disease and stroke were the leading causes of CVD deaths and DALYs, globally. Regarding the specific diet group, diets low in whole grains, high in sodium, low in fruits, low in nuts and seeds, low in vegetables and low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids contributed to CVD deaths and DALYs the most. Dietary risks accounted for a higher proportion in people aged less than 65 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Diet-attributable CVDs threaten public health, particularly in low SDI countries and younger generations. As diet-related CVDs are nation-specific, the prioritization of public health interventions should be evidence-based.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Global Burden of Disease , Adolescent , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diet/adverse effects , Female , Global Health , Humans , Male , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: The global trends in myocarditis burden over the past two decades remain poorly understood and might be increasing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic. This study aimed to provide comprehensive estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for myocarditis globally from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Data regarding the incidence, mortality, DALY, and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) between 1990 and 2017 for myocarditis worldwide were collected and calculated from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. We additionally calculated the myocarditis burden distribution based on the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) quintile and Human Development Index (HDI). Results: The incidence cases of myocarditis in 2017 was 3,071,000, with a 59.6% increase from 1990, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was slightly decreased. The number of deaths due to myocarditis increased gradually from 27,120 in 1990 to 46,490 in 2017. The middle SDI quintile showed the highest number of myocarditis-related deaths. On the contrary, the global age-standardized death rate (ASDR) decreased with an overall EAPC of -1.4 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) = -1.8 to -1.0]. Similar to ASDR, the global age-standardized DALY rate also declined, with an EAPC of -1.50 (95% UI = -2.30 to -0.8) from 1990 to 2017. However, there was a 12.1% increase in the number of DALYs in the past 28 years; the middle SDI and low-middle SDI quintiles contributed the most to the DALY number in 2017. We also observed significant positive correlations between the EPAC of age-standardized rate and HDI for both death and DALY in 2017. Conclusions: Globally, the ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate of myocarditis decreased slightly from 1990 to 2017. The middle SDI quintile had the highest level of ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate, indicating that targeted control should be developed to reduce the myocarditis burden especially based on the regional socioeconomic status. Our findings also provide a platform for further investigation into the myocarditis burden in the era of COVID-19.
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BACKGROUND: Hypertension grows into a serious public health problem among young adults, linking to a set of life-threatening cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Young adults are not well represented in current knowledge about the CVDs burden attributable to hypertension. METHODS: In this analysis of data from the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study 2019, we focus on young adults and provide the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of the hypertension attributable CVDs burden, in terms of its mortality and years of living with disability (YLD) from 1990 to 2019, stratified by location, sex, and development status. RESULTS: Globally in 2019, the death and YLD numbers caused by hypertension-related CVDs were 640 239 and 2 717 474 in young adults, marking a 43.0 and 86.6% increase from 1990, respectively. The corresponding mortality rate dropped by 10.5%, whereas the YLD rate increased by 16.8% during the same period. V-shaped association between CVDs burden and social development status was observed. The largest burden and the most pronounced increase were borne by middle-income countries, while high-income countries had the lowest death/YLD rate with a quicker annual decline. Men largely outpaced women in hypertension attributable CVDs mortality. Ischemic heart disease and stroke were the leading cause for death and YLD burden, correspondingly. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension attributable CVDs burden in young adults has greatly increased from 1990 to 2019, with considerably spatiotemporal and sexual heterogeneity. The largest burden was borne by middle-income countries, especially by men. Establishment of geographically and sexually tailored strategies were needed to prevent hypertension-related CVDs in young adults.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Disabled Persons , Hypertension , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Female , Global Burden of Disease , Global Health , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/epidemiology , Male , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Young AdultABSTRACT
Background: To date, our understanding of the global aortic aneurysm (AA) burden distribution is very limited. Objective: To assess a full view of global AA burden distribution and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2017. Methods: We extracted data of AA deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and their corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs), in general and by age/sex from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. The current AA burden distribution in 2017 and its changing trend from 1990 to 2017 were separately showed. The spatial divergence was discussed from four levels: global, five social-demographic index regions, 21 GBD regions, and 195 countries and territories. We also estimated the risk factors attributable to AA related deaths. Results: Globally, the AA deaths were 167,249 with an age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of 2.19/100,000 persons in 2017, among which the elderly and the males accounted for the majority. Although reductions in ASRs were observed in developed areas, AA remained an important health issue in those relatively underdeveloped areas and might be much more important in the near future. AA may increasingly affect the elderly and the female population. Similar patterns of AA DALYs burden were noted during the study period. AA burden attributable to high blood pressure and smoking decreased globally and there were many heterogeneities in their distribution. Discussion: AA maintained an incremental public health issue worldwide. The change pattern of AA burden was heterogeneous across locations, ages, and sexes and it is paramount to improve resource allocation for more effective and targeted prevention strategies. Also, prevention of tobacco consumption and blood pressure control should be emphasized.
Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm , Global Burden of Disease , Aged , Female , Global Health , Humans , Male , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Risk Factors , Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of several vascular pathologies, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Evaluating the role of inflammation in AAA pathobiology and potentially outcome in vivo requires non-invasive tools for high-resolution imaging. We investigated the feasibility of X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging of phagocytic activity using nanoparticle contrast agents to predict AAA outcome. Methods: Uptake of several nanoparticle CT contrast agents was evaluated in a macrophage cell line. The most promising agent, Exitron nano 12000, was further characterized in vitro and used for subsequent in vivo testing. AAA was induced in Apoe-/- mice through angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for up to 4 weeks. Nanoparticle biodistribution and uptake in AAA were evaluated by CT imaging in Ang II-infused Apoe-/- mice. After imaging, the aortic tissue was harvested and used from morphometry, transmission electron microscopy and gene expression analysis. A group of Ang II-infused Apoe-/- mice underwent nanoparticle-enhanced CT imaging within the first week of Ang II infusion, and their survival and aortic external diameter were evaluated at 4 weeks to address the value of vessel wall CT enhancement in predicting AAA outcome. Results: Exitron nano 12000 showed specific uptake in macrophages in vitro. Nanoparticle accumulation was observed by CT imaging in tissues rich in mononuclear phagocytes. Aortic wall enhancement was detectable on delayed CT images following nanoparticle administration and correlated with vessel wall CD68 expression. Transmission electron microscopy ascertained the presence of nanoparticles in AAA adventitial macrophages. Nanoparticle-induced CT enhancement on images obtained within one week of AAA induction was predictive of AAA outcome at 4 weeks. Conclusions: By establishing the feasibility of CT-based molecular imaging of phagocytic activity in AAA, this study links the inflammatory signal on early time point images to AAA evolution. This readily available technology overcomes an important barrier to cross-sectional, longitudinal and outcome studies, not only in AAA, but also in other cardiovascular pathologies and facilitates the evaluation of modulatory interventions, and ultimately upon clinical translation, patient management.
Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology , Macrophages/pathology , Phagocytes/pathology , Angiotensin II/metabolism , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/pathology , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism , Apolipoproteins E/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Phagocytes/metabolism , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to ambient and household particulate matter (PM2.5) causes death and health loss, and both are the leading risk factor to global disease burden. We assessed spatiotemporal trends of ambient and household PM2.5 attributable burdens across various diseases at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2017. METHODS: Data on PM2.5-attributable disease burdens were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2017. Numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were estimated by disease, age, sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), locations. RESULTS: Exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.58 million deaths and 142.52 million DALYs globally in 2017, among which ambient PM2.5 contributed to 64.2% deaths and 58.3% DALYs. ASRs of deaths and DALYs in 2017 decreased to 59.62/105 persons with an EAPC of -2.15 (95% CI: 2.21 to -2.09) and 1856.61/105 persons with an EAPC of -2.58 (95% CI: 2.64 to -2.51), respectively compared to those in 1990. Ambient PM2.5-attributable Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have dominated major concern in middle and low SDI countries especially in South Asia and East Asia, while household PM2.5-attributable lower respiratory infections (LRIs) still caused the largest burden in low SDI countries in Africa and Asia. Those under 5 and over 70 years old had the largest burdens in PM2.5 attributable LRI and NCDs, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ambient PM2.5-attributable NCDs have threatened public health in middle and low SDI countries, while household PM2.5-attributable LRI still caused the largest burden in low SDI countries. More positive strategies should be tailored to reduce PM2.5-attributable burdens considering specific settings globally.
Subject(s)
Global Burden of Disease , Global Health , Africa , Asia , Asia, Eastern , Particulate Matter/analysis , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Assessing congestion is challenging but important to patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, there are limited data regarding the association between estimated plasma volume status (ePVS) determined using hemoglobin/hematocrit data and outcomes in patients with stable CHF. We prospectively analyzed 231 patients; the median follow-up period was 35.6 months. We calculated ePVS at admission using the Duarte and Strauss formula, derived from hemoglobin and hematocrit ratios and divided patients into three groups. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality or heart failure rehospitalization. Among 274 patients (61.98 years of age, 2.3% male), the mean ePVS was 3.98±0.90 dL/g. The third ePVS tertile had a higher proportion of primary outcome (71.4%) than the first or second tertile (48.1% and 59.7%, respectively; p=0.013). On multivariable Cox analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, higher ePVS remained significantly associated with increased rate of primary outcome (adjusted HR 1.567, 95% CI 1.267 to 1.936; p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that the occurrence of primary outcome, all-cause mortality and rehospitalization increased progressively from first to third tertiles (p=0.006, 0.014 and 0.001; respectively). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve of ePVS for primary outcome was 0.645. ePVS determined using hemoglobin and hematocrit was independently associated with clinical outcomes for patients with stable CHF. Our study thus further strengthens the evidence that ePVS has important prognostic value in patients with stable CHF. Trial registration number ChiCTR-ONC-14004463.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure, Systolic , Plasma Volume , Chronic Disease , Female , Heart Failure, Systolic/diagnosis , Hematocrit , Hemoglobins , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare lung primary malignancy with poorly understood risk factors and prognosis. We sought to investigate the epidemiologic features and long-term outcomes of PB. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was conducted to quantify the death risk of PB patients. All subjects diagnosed with malignant PB from 1988 to 2016 were screened from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Cox regression model of all-cause death and competing risk analysis of cause-specific death were performed. RESULTS: We identified 177 PB patients with a median survival of 108 months. The 5 and 10-year survival rate in all PB patients were 58.2 and 48.5%, as well as the 5 and 10-year disease-specific mortality were 33.5 and 38.6%. No sex or race disparities in incidence and prognosis was observed. The death risk of PB was significantly associated with age at diagnosis, clinical stage, histologic subtype and surgery treatment (p<0.01). On multivariable regression analyses, older age, regional stage and no surgery predicted higher risk of both all-cause and disease-specific death in PB patients. CONCLUSION: We described the epidemiological characteristics of PB and identified its prognostic factors that were independently associated with worse clinical outcome.
Subject(s)
Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Pneumonectomy/statistics & numerical data , Pulmonary Blastoma/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Lung/pathology , Lung/surgery , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Pulmonary Blastoma/diagnosis , Pulmonary Blastoma/pathology , Pulmonary Blastoma/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , SEER Program/statistics & numerical data , Survival Rate , Treatment Outcome , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We investigated the at-risk sites of second primary malignancies (SPMs) and evaluate the risk factors of SPMs among lung neuroendocrine tumors (LNETs) survivors by using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. METHODS: Propensity-score matching was performed to conduct a case-control study from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. Cox regression analysis and multiple primary standardized incidence ratios were performed to investigate the risk factors of occurrence of SPMs among patients with LNETs. RESULTS: Of 3,206 patients with LNETs after matching, 539 developed SPMs. The risk of developing SPMs was higher in older patients (55-74 vs â¦54: hazard ratios [HR] 1.875; age â§75 vs â¦54: HR 2.713), higher-stage of LNETs (regional vs localized: HR 1.387; distant vs localized: HR 2.732) and recent periods of diagnosis (2004-2014 vs 1984-1993: HR 1.735). Patients with SCLC, TC and LENEC had a higher risk for SPMs compared to general population. Lung and bronchus, larynx and some digestive organs had higher risk for SPMs while some sex hormone related organs like prostate, breast, and female reproductive system had a lower incidence of SPMs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LNETs had overall higher risks of SPMs than general population. Different types of second primary malignancies occurred in different periods after LNETs were diagnosed. Further investigations are required to screen different second primary malignancies for those with primary LNETs.