ABSTRACT
Phylogenomic approaches have recently helped elucidate various insect relationships, but large-scale comprehensive analyses on relationships within sawflies and woodwasps are still lacking. Here, we infer the relationships and long-term biogeographic history of these hymenopteran groups using a large dataset of 354 UCE loci collected from 385 species that represent all major lineages. Early Hymenoptera started diversifying during the Early Triassic â¼249 Ma and spread all over the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. We recovered Xyeloidea as a monophyletic sister group to other Hymenoptera and Pamphilioidea as sister to Unicalcarida. Within the diverse family Tenthredinidae, our taxonomically and geographically expanded taxon sampling highlights the non-monophyly of several traditionally defined subfamilies. In addition, the recent removal of Athalia and related genera from the Tenthredinidae into the separate family Athaliidae is supported. The deep historical biogeography of the group is characterised by independent dispersals and re-colonisations between the northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) palaeocontinents. The breakup of these landmasses led to ancient vicariance in several Gondwanan lineages, while interchange across the Northern Hemisphere has continued until the Recent. The little-studied African sawfly fauna is likewise a diverse mixture of groups with varying routes of colonization. Our results reveal interesting parallels in the evolution and biogeography of early hymenopterans and other ancient insect groups.
ABSTRACT
Tomostethus sinofraxini Wang & Wei (a new name is proposed for Tomostethus fraxini Niu & Wei, 2022: Tomostethus sinofraxini Wang & Wei, nom. nov.), an emerging sawfly pest of the Chinese ash, Fraxinus chinensis, is now endemic to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. Given the severity of its infestation and the speed of its range expansion, we studied the phylogenetic relationship of T. sinofraxini with other sawfly species and its life history to be better informed for the management strategies. The nearly complete T. sinofraxini mitogenome is 16,169 bp in length and encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs (rrnL and rrnS), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 protein-coding genes. The nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (Aâ +â Tâ =â 81.7%). In comparison to the architecture of the ancestral insect mitogenome, 2 transposition events occur on the IQM tRNA cluster, rearranging it from IQM to MQI. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that T. sinofraxini belongs to a group composed of paraphyletic subfamilies Blennocampinae and Heterarthrinae. In addition, to document its life history, we observed T. sinofraxini development at 2 geographical locations in Beijing, China, with different altitudes. At Jiulong Mountain, with a higher altitude and a lower average temperature, the developmental time of egg, larval, and adult stages was 19%-31% longer than that observed at the Chinese Academy of Forestry. A basic understanding of biological traits and molecular signatures is the critical first step to develop an integrated pest management framework for this emerging pest of the Chinese ash.
Subject(s)
Fraxinus , Genome, Mitochondrial , Hymenoptera , Animals , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , RNA, Transfer/geneticsABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Pachycephus smyrnensis Stein, 1876 collected from Sivas, Turkey, is described. The circled genome is 20,393 bp in length and contains a typical set of 37 genes. The missing control regions, trnQ and trnI in previously reported P. smyrnensis (KX907846) were obtained in this precise assembly based on a considerable amount of raw data. A denser sampled phylogenetic analysis shows that the two P. smyrnensis constitute a branch sister to P. cruentatus (Eversmann, 1847). Pachycephus is a sister group of Phylloecus within Hartigiinae and remote from Characopygus, a genus within Cephinae. The monophyly of Pachycephini has been rejected.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Syrista parreyssii (Spinola, 1843) was described. The circular genome is 18,666 bp with an A + T content of 82.60%. It contains 37 genes and a 1921 bp control region. The CR-trnI (+)-trnQ (-)-trnM (+) cluster is rearranged as trnM (+)-CR-trnQ (-)-trnI (+) cluster. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that European Syrista and Asian Neosyrista were not sister groups. Neosyrista is a valid genus and should be reestablished. Moreover, a preliminary study based on COI showed there are at least three valid Syrista species within the European and Mediterranean regions. Whether the known Syrista parreyssii (Spinola, 1843) is a complex or there are more cryptic species needs further study.
ABSTRACT
Eriocampa Hartig, 1837 is a small genus of Tenthredinidae and its systematic position has never been fully assessed. The complete mitochondrial genome of Eriocampa ovata Linné, 1760 was described. The circular genome is 16,293 bp in length with an A + T content of 80.6%. It contains 37 genes and a 1254 bp control region with a 405 bp repetitive sequence. All the 13 protein-coding genes initiate with a typical ATN. The CR - trnI (+)- trnQ (-)- trnM(+) cluster rearranges to trnQ (-)- trnM (+)- CR -trnI(+). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that E. ovata and Conaspidia wangi Wei, 2015 are closely related within the subfamily of Tenthredinidae.
ABSTRACT
The systematic status of the genus Athalia and related genera is a perennial controversy in sawfly taxonomy. Several authors have hypothesized that the placement of Athalia within the Tenthredinidae is artificial, but no studies have focused on this topic. If the hypothesis that Athalia does not belong to Tenthredinidae can be supported, the taxonomic framework of Tenthredinoidea needs revision. We present a comprehensive phylogenomic study of Tenthredinoidae, focusing on the positions of Athalia and related genera by sampling 80 representatives mainly of the Tenthredinoidea, including Heptamelinae and Blasticotomidae. Our phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear genes and mitochondrial (mt) sequences support Athalia and related genera as a distinct clade sister to Tenthredinidae + (Cimbicidae + Diprionidae). A comparison of symphytan mitochondrial genomes reveals an innovative gene rearrangement pattern in Athaliidae, in which Dentathalia demonstrates a more ancestral pattern than Athalia and Hypsathalia. The lineage specificity of mt rRNA secondary structures also provides sufficient support to consider Athaliidae as a separate family. In summary, the phylogeny and genomic structural changes unanimously support the taxonomic treatment of Athaliidae as a family and the re-establishment of Dentathalia as a valid genus.
ABSTRACT
Emphytusmiocenicus sp. nov., first fossil representative of this genus, is described from the upper Miocene of the diatom paleolake of Montagne d'Andance (Ardèche, France). Its placement is ensured by an in-depth comparison with all the extant and fossil genera of the subfamily Allantinae. The representatives of Emphytus are distributed in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental regions. Empria sammuti sp. nov., second representative of the latter genus, is described from the latest Miocene of the diatom paleolake of Sainte-Reine (Cantal, France). The placement of this new species is based on a detailed comparison with the extant genera of the tribe Empriini. The larvae of the extant Emphytus and Empria spp. are known to be phytophagous on angiosperm leaves of several families, all present as fossils in the taphocenoses of la Montagne d'Andance and Sainte-Reine. Emphytus miocenicus sp. nov. represents the oldest record of this genus and of its crown group, corroborating the estimate of a middle Eocene-middle Oligocene age for its stem group. Throughout our study, it appears that the first described fossil of the genus Empria, E. oligocaenica, from the Oligocene of Germany, needs to be revised and redescribed. It should preferably be treated until the revision as incertae sedis in Allantinae sensu lato.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Taxonus zhangi was 16,002 bp in size, comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and large non-coding A + T region. The phylogenetic result confirms the monophyly of Taxonina and Allantina, and also supports that Xenapateini is the sister group of Allantini which is composed of Taxonina and Allantina.
ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial genome of Hemathlophorus brevigenatus Wei, 2005 collected from Huanggang Mountain of China is described using the NGS approach. The length of the sequence is 15,452 bp containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The overall A + T content is 79.5%. tRNA rearrangements occur in the MQI cluster. Phylogenetic analysis of H. brevigenatus resolved it in a clade with Allantus togatus in Allantinae which provides new evidence for the phylogeny of Tenthredinidae.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Cimbex luteus was sequenced with 15,127 bp in length. The mitogenome includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and an AT-rich region. The nucleotide compositions of C. luteus (43.7% A, 38.0% T, 7.4% G, and 10.9% C) were biased toward A and T. Based on Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses, C. luteus was identified as one of the basal lineages of family Cimbicidae.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Taxoblenus sinicus Wei & Nie, 1999 was described. The circular genome is 15,878 bp with an A + T content of 80.4%. It contains 37 genes, and an 859 bp control region. The trnI (+)-trnQ (-)-trnM (+) cluster rearranges to trnM (+)-trnQ (-)-CR-trnI (+). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Allantinae is a sister group of Tenthredininae and T. sinicus is one of the basal lineages of Allantinae.
ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial genome of Conaspidia wangi Wei, 2015 was described. The total length of the sequence was 15,924 bp. The overall A + T content was 80.4%. In comparison with the ancestral organization, trnG was reversed and translocated between the AT-rich region and trnQ, which was reported for the first time in Symphyta. The downstream gene order of the AT-rich region were thus arranged as trnG-trnQ-trnM-trnI.
ABSTRACT
We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Moricella rufonota Rohwer, 1916 (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). The mitogenome is 15,731 bp in length with an A + T content of 81.9%, 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes, and a 386 bp control region. All the 13 protein-coding genes initiate with a typical ATN and end with TAA. The trnI(+)-trnQ(-)-trnM(+) cluster rearranged as trnM(+)-trnQ(-)-trnI(+) cluster, and the trnW(+)-trnC(-)-trnY(-) cluster rearranged as trnC(+)-trnW(+)-trnY(-) cluster. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the Nematinae is the basal lineage of Tenthredinidae, and Moricella rufonota is the basal lineage of Nematinae.
ABSTRACT
Tenthredinidae represents one of the external feeders of the most diverse superfamily, Tenthredinoidea, with diverse host plant utilization. In this study, four complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), those of Cladiucha punctata, Cladiucha magnoliae, Megabeleses magnoliae, and Megabeleses liriodendrovorax, are newly sequenced and comparatively analyzed with previously reported tenthredinid mitogenomes. The close investigation of mitogenomes and the phylogeny of Tenthredinidae leads us to the following conclusions: The subfamilial relationships and phylogenetic placements within Tenthredinidae are mostly found to be similar to the previously suggested phylogenies. However, the present phylogeny supports the monophyly of Megabelesesinae as a subfamily, with the sister-group placement of Cladiucha and Megabeleses outside of Allantinae. The occurrence of the same type of tRNA rearrangements (MQI and ANS1ERF) in the mitogenomes of Megabelesesinae species and the presence of apomorphic morphological characters also provide robust evidence for this new subfamily. The divergence and diversification times of the subfamilies appear to be directly related to colonization of the flowering plants following the Early Cretaceous. The origin time and diversification patterns of Megabelesesinae were also well matched with the divergence times of their host plants from Magnoliaceae.
ABSTRACT
The first mitochondrial genome of a fern sawfly, Strongylogaster xanthocera Stephens, 1835 was determined. The sequence is 15,210 bp in length, including 37 typical mitochondrial genes. Four tRNA gene arrangements were observed. This mitochondrial genome provided an essential resource for addressing taxonomic issues and studying molecular evolution.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Sinopoppia nigroflagella Wei, 1997 was sequenced and assembled. The circular genome is 15,940 bp long, with an A + T content of 80.33%, 37 genes, and a 658-bp control region. Specifically, trnL1 was translocated into the MQI gene cluster, and the other tRNA cluster was arranged as ARENS1F. The two gene clusters were thus arranged as ML1QI and ARENS1F. The phylogenetic results indicated that S. nigroflagella forms a sister group with Blennocampinae and Fenusinae.
ABSTRACT
The complete Allantus togatus (Panzer, 1801) mitogenome was determined and analyzed. The mitogenome contains typical 37 genes with identical order to Allantoides luctifer mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. togatus clustered together with A. viennensis. The wide genetic distances found between lineages of A. togatus lead to the assumption of cryptic species. These complete mitogenomes provide valuable information at the genomic level that can be utilized to sustain bioresources to deepen the understanding of cryptic diversity within Allantinae.
ABSTRACT
The nearly complete mitochondrial genome of Trichiosoma vitellina is 15,245 bp long. It has the A + T content of 81.6% and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. Gene rearrangement is present in the mitogenome of T. vitellina. All PCGs use standard ATN as start codons, and most PCGs have complete TAN as stop codons. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the position of T. vitellina in the Tenthredinoidea. This study provides essential data for the conservation genetics of T. vitellina and advances the understanding of the phylogeny of Cimbicidae.
ABSTRACT
The nearly complete mitochondrial genome of Eutomostethus vegetus Konow, 1898 was high-quality assembled. Several gene rearrangement events were observed in IQM gene cluster by comparing with the inferred insect ancestral mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the position of Eutomostethus vegetus in the Tenthredinidae and showed that Blennocampinae is a sister group to Fenusinae.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Praia tianmunica is 15,556 bp long. It contains 37 genes and a control region of 505 bp in length. Gene rearrangement is present in the mitogenome of P. tianmunica. The maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus Praia was closely related to genus Labriocimbex.
