Chlorogenic acid alleviates chronic inflammatory pain via inhibiting synaptic expression of AMPA receptor / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and to observe the influence of CGA on CFA-induced synaptic expression of AMAP receptor in spinal dorsal horn. Methods CFA was injected intraplantarly into the hindpaws of mice to induce mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The changes of paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were tested after intrathecal administration of CGA. Meanwhile, the synaptic expression and phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunit were assessed by immunoblot-ting. Results The intrathecal injection of CGA produced dose-depended improvement of both PWT and PWL in CFA injected mice. A higher dose of CGA (200ng) did not influence the base thresholds of normal mice. The median dose of CGA (100 ng) effectively reversed the CFA-induced synaptic expression of GluAl; meanwhile, it suppressed the phosphorylation of GluAl at Ser845, with no influence on phosphorylation at Ser831. Conclusions CGA might exert its analgesic effect by specifically inhibiting the phosphorylation of GluAl -Ser845 and the synaptic incorporation of GluAl-containing AMPA receptor.

Practice and exploration of fine and rational drug use management in hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Under the background of deepening the medical and health system reform, it is necessary to explore the measures of fine and rational drug use management and strengthen the rational drug use. Through giving full play to the management functions of pharmacy administration and pharmacotherapeutics committee, formulating the performance evaluation index system of pharmacy affairs in the hospital, adhering to the prescription doctor′s advice review and prescription pre audit, continuing to carry out drug dynamic monitoring, implementing standardized-path antimicrobial drug management, the hospital implemented refined and rational drug use management. Before and after the management, the average drug cost, prescription unqualified rate, auxiliary drug amount and antibacterial drugs related indicators were significantly improved, suggesting that fine pharmacy management could promote the rational use of drugs in the whole hospital, promote the transformation of pharmacists′ work, and control the unreasonable growth of drug costs.

Immunogenicity of adenovirus and DNA vaccines co-expressing P39 and lumazine synthase proteins of Brucella abortus in BALB/c mice.

Brucella poses a great threat to animal and human health. Vaccination is the most promising strategy in the effort to control Brucella abortus (B. abortus) infection, but the currently used live vaccines interfere with diagnostic tests and could potentially result in disease outbreak. Therefore, new subunit vaccines and combined immunization strategies are currently under investigation. In this study, immunogenicity and protection ability of a recombinant adenovirus and plasmid DNA vaccine co-expressing P39 and lumazine synthase proteins of B. abortus were evaluated based on the construction of the two molecular vaccines. Four immunization strategies (single adenovirus, single DNA, adenovirus/DNA, DNA/adenovirus) were investigated. The results showed that the immunization strategy of DNA priming followed by adenovirus boosting induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses, and it significantly reduced the numbers of B. abortus in a mouse model. These results suggest that it could be a potential antigen candidate for development of a new subunit vaccine against B. abortus infection.

Ethical Review Gist of Clinical Trials Regarding Medical Apparatus and Instruments / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To explore the principles and elements of ethical review of clinical trials regarding medical apparatus and instruments.Methods:This paper introduced Beijing Anzhen Hospital's requirements on considerations for the vulnerable,acquisition of informed consent,the researchers' qualification and experiment design,during ethical review of clinical trials regarding medical apparatus and instruments.Results:Institution review board of Beijing Anzhen Hospital designed principles and standard operating procedures for ethical review of clinical trials regarding medical apparatus and instruments.Conclusion:Ethical review of clinical trials regarding medical apparatus and instruments now is more scientifically standardized,and has become an important approach for the protection of subjects' rights and interests.

Discussion on Performance Management Mode of Medication Consultation Service in Our Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the effect of performance management in medication consultation service in hospital,and to improve the service quality in medication consultation center. METHODS:The performance management mode of medication consultation center was implemented in our hospital through formulating consultation pharmacist performance evaluation content and accounting rules from four dimensions of business skills,cultural literacy,work attitude,workload,conducting daily evaluation and check,developing training,setting development plan,etc. The effects of the mode were evaluated. RESULTS:In performance evaluation,business skills,cultural literacy,work attitude and workload took up 20,15,15 and 50 points,respectively;they were subdivided into 16 specific items and extra point items. After the implementation of above performance management,average weekly clients increased from 104 persons to 247 persons (increasing by 138%);the proportion of patient medication education mainly provided by clinical pharmacists increased from 18.30% to 46.34%(increasing by 153%);the complex and professional problems of medication consultation such as drug interaction rose from 0.96% to 5.28%;the problem of drug usage and dosage in-creased from 6.73% to 23.17%. The performance management mode not only improved the service consciousness and the enthusi-asm of consultation pharmacists,but also improved the level of pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSIONS:Reasonable and effective performance management mode can promote the service quality and ability of medication consultation center,and play more impor-tant role in hospital pharmaceutical care.

Assessment of the construction and evaluation of Beijing municipal hospital pharmaceutical consultation cen-ter / 中华医院管理杂志

The ongoing health reform encourages pharmacists of public hospitals to change their traditional role positioning to satisfy patients’urgent needs in medical dosage guidance.This calls for greater capacity of hospital pharmacy services.Pharmaceutical consultation constitutes a major means of quality service of pharmacists for the people.The paper introduced the standard of establishing the pharmaceutical consultation center and the content of assessment system which are jointly worked out by Beijing Municipal Hospital Authority and the hospitals under the administration of the Beijing Municipal Government,and share the practice & effect in assessing and improving their performance.

[Relationship between pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV infection: a meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection in high risk populations. METHODS: A computerized literature searching had been carried out in PubMed, EMbase, Ovid, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, Tsinghua Tongfang database and related websites to collect relevant papers (from establishment to June 2012) with the key words of pre-exposure prophylaxis, HIV, AIDS, high risk populations, relative risk, reduction. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) papers about using single or compound antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) orally or topically before HIV exposure or during HIV exposure in high risk populations were enrolled. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 10.0 to calculate the pooled RR value (95%CI). Consistency test was performed and publication bias was evaluated. RESULTS: Finally 5 RCT papers were enrolled, including 10 271 persons who were at high risk of HIV infection. The number of the experimental group was 5929, among which 116(1.96%) became infected. The number of the control group was 4342, among which 201(4.63%) became infected. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95%CI was 0.49 (0.39 - 0.61), P < 0.05, indicating that the persons in experimental group had a 0.49 times lower risk of HIV infected, as compared with the control group. Publication bias analysis revealed a symmetry funnel plot. The fail-safe number was 825. CONCLUSION: PrEP was an effective and safe protection measure to reduce HIV infection in high risk populations.

Community-based peer intervention to reduce HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Sichuan province, China.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based peer intervention to reduce HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sichuan province, China. The intervention was based on the Popular Opinion Leader framework, in which respected MSM peer leaders attempted to change MSM community norms related to sexual behavior and HIV risk. The intervention was conducted in a metropolitan city, with a matched city in the same province serving as a comparison. We conducted a baseline survey of HIV risk behaviors with 200 MSM per city, provided the intervention for 12 months in the treatment city, and conducted a post-treatment survey of an independent sample of 200 MSM per city. In the intervention city at post-treatment, we observed reduced unprotected anal intercourse during the last 3 sex episodes with a primary male partner (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.17-0.57), reduced anal intercourse during the last 3 sex episodes with male casual or commercial partners (AOR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.07-0.35), increased condom use during last sex episode with a primary male partner (AOR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.86-5.98), and increased condom use during last sex episode with male casual or commercial partners (AOR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.07-13.41). In the control city at post-treatment, we observed decreased condom use with male casual or commercial partners (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.15-0.99). Findings suggest that a community-based intervention involving popular opinion leaders can decrease sexual risk behavior among MSM in China.

HIV and syphilis prevalence and associated factors among young men who have sex with men in 4 cities in China.

To know the status of HIV and syphilis infection, and the correlates for HIV and syphilis prevalence among YMSM in China. 150 YMSM were recruited in Beijing, Harbin, Zhengzhou and Chengdu respectively and investigated with questionnaire, HIV and syphilis testing. The prevalence of HIV infection, syphilis infection and concurrent infection of HIV and syphilis was 6.7, 8.3, 1.5% respectively. HIV infection was associated with numerous factors including education level of high school, not being student, etc. Syphilis infection was associated with not being student and having had vaginal intercourse. The prevalence of HIV and Syphilis are high among YMSM in cities in China. Preventive interventions should be developed for controlling HIV spreading among YMSM urgently.

Determination of pilsicainide in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To develop a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the determination of pilsicainide in human plasma and urine. METHODS: The samples were processed by LLE(liquid-liquid extraction), acetonitrile-ammonium acetate(0.1‰ formic acid)-water was used as the mobile phase with isocratic elution(25:37.5:37.5 in plasma, 35:6:59 in u-rine), and separation was carried out on Welch Material Ultimate AQ-C18 column(2.100 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm), setting the flow rate as 0.35 mL · min-1, the column temperature at 25°C. The injection volume was 5 μL. ESI under positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring scan(MRM) were used for quantitative analysis with m/z 213.4 → 110.2 for pilsicainide and m/z 287.4 → 110.2 for internal standard, methyl-pilsicainide. RESULTS: The linear ranges of the calibration curves for pilsicainide were 1-1200 μg · L-1 for plasma and 1-150 mg · L-1 for urine. The limitation of detection were 1 μg · L-1 for plasma and 1 mg · L-1 for urine. The correlation coefficient was between 0.9962 and 0.9991. The extraction recoveries, matrix effects, and intra-/inter-assay precisions all met the requirements of pharmacokinetic studies. This approach was applied to determine pilsicainide concentrations in human plasma and urine in a clinical pharmacokinetic research. CONCLUSION: This approach possesses convenience, accuracy, high sensitivity and good reproducibility, which can meet the requirements of pharmacokinetic studies.

[Benefits of promoting male circumcision among the general population in the high HIV prevalence areas of Guangxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of promoting male circumcision among the general population in the high HIV prevalence areas of Guangxi Province. METHODS: We interviewed 590 male residents from Hezhou and Qinzhou areas of Guangxi Province and conducted intervention using male circumcision promotion materials and various methods. If the subjects were willing and had no contraindication, they were referred to the appointed hospitals to receive circumcision. We conducted follow-up visits at 6 and 9 months after intervention for the changes in the subjects' knowledge, attitude and practice related to male circumcision. RESULTS: The male circumcision knowledge, willingness and operation rate were significantly improved after intervention (P < 0.05), but with no significant difference between the two follow-up visits (P > 0.05). The number of those who knew that phimosis and redundant prepuce were the reasons for circumcision increased from 66.1% at baseline to 81.9% and 79.8% at the two follow-up visits; those who knew that circumcision could prevent AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases increased from 28.0% to 77.4% and 78.6%; those who knew that surgical complications could be pain, bleeding and infection increased from 29.5%, 19.3% and 39.3% to 72.5%, 58.2% and 59.4% at the first follow-up and 75.0%, 57.0% and 63.0% at the second; those who were willing to receive circumcision increased from 35.3% at baseline to 59.6% and 61.3% at the two follow-up visits; and the rate of surgery increased from zero to 12.7% and 16.1%. CONCLUSION: The promotion of male circumcision among the general population in the high HIV prevalence areas of Guangxi Province significantly improved their knowledge, attitude and practice related to AIDS prevention. And the promotion activities should focus on the publicity of AIDS knowledge, risks of phimosis and redundant prepuce, and safety of circumcision.

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of domestic trimetazidine formulations / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence between domestic hydrochloric trimetazidine capsules and imported hydrochloric trimetazidine tablets in healthy male Chinese volunteers after single oral administration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A single oral dose (test and reference formulations) was given to 24 healthy male Chinese subjects according to an open randomized crossover design. The blood samples were collected before and after administration. Plasma trimetazidine concentration was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by WinNonlin Ver 6.2.1 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The main pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported formulation of trimetazidine were similar: C(max) (70.9 ± 15.3), (66.4 ± 13.8) µg/ml; t(max) (1.70 ± 0.72), (1.85 ± 0.55) h; t(1/2z) (4.70 ± 1.75), (4.77 ± 1.96) h; AUC(0-24 h) (481 ± 176), (469 ± 171) µg×h×ml(-1); AUC(0-∞) (511 ± 189), (500 ± 188) µg×h×ml(-1). The estimated 90% CIs for the ratio of C(max) and AUC(0-24 h) were also similar: 101.9% - 112.5% and 99.4% - 104.9%. The relative bioavailability of domestic formulation was (102.2 ± 8.3)%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results demonstrates that the domestic hydrochloric trimetazidine capsules and imported hydrochloric trimetazidine tablets are bioequivalent.</p>

Expression of heat shock protein 70 in lung and plasma of rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by SiO2 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the dynamic expression of Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the lungs and plasma of rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by silicon dioxide (SiO2).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group exposed to normal solution and group exposed to SiO2 (50 mg/ml) with intratracheal injection. Each group was divided into four subgroups. The animals of SiO2 group and control group were sacrificed and lungs were collected on the 7th, 14th and 28th days after exposure, respectively. The left lung tissues were examined with the histopathologic HE staining. The expression and localization of Hsp70 protein in the lung tissues were examined with western blot assay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The expression levels of Hsp70 protein in the plasma were measured by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of Hsp70 in lung tissues of SiO2 group increased on the 7th day and reached the peak value on the 14th day then decreased, but still was significantly higher than that of the control group, the expression of Hsp70 in plasma of SiO2 group still was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The maximum expression level of Hsp70 in plasma of SiO2 group on the 21st day after exposure was 0.216 ± 0.027 µg/ml.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression levels of Hsp70 protein in the lung tissues and plasma of the group exposed to SiO2 significantly increased, which were associated with the process of pulmonary fibrosis. It was suggested that Hsp70 protein may play an important biological role in the pulmonary fibrosis induced by SiO2.</p>

[Acceptability and influencing factors of pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Guangxi].

OBJECTIVE: To study the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent the transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangxi, China. METHODS: Snow-balling methods were used to recruit 650 MSM in Guangxi. Questionnaires and interview were administrated to these 650 men, using a self-designed questionnaire and face to face interviews to collect information on HIV-related risk behaviors, knowledge and acceptability of PrEP. RESULTS: After an introduction on PrEP by interviewers, followed by as the statement-'If PrEP was effective, safe and free of charge', 597 (91.9%) of the 650 MSM claimed that they would accept it, with the main reason as the recognition of 'PrEP can decrease the risk of HIV infection'. For those who refused to use it, most of them said that were afraid of the side-effect and doubted on the effectiveness of PrEP. Data from logistic regression analysis showed that those who had found partners through friends (OR = 6.21, P = 0.020) and those who would advise his friend to use PrEP (OR = 39.32, P = 0.000) were more likely to accept PrEP. Those who thought they could protect themselves from HIV infection (OR = 0.32, P = 0.010) or not having sex with the ones who refused to use a condom (OR = 0.34, P = 0.010) were less likely to accept PrEP. CONCLUSION: Effectiveness, safety and cost seemed to be the main influential factors related to the acceptability of PrEP. Peer education might improve the acceptability of PrEP.

[Acceptability and influencing factors on pre-exposure prophylaxis programs among female sex workers in Guangxi, China].

OBJECTIVE: To study the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program on prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Guangxi of China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was administered among 405 FSWs in Nanning, Liuzhou and Beihai cities of Guangxi, China. Self-designed questionnaire, face to face interviews were used to collect HIV-related risk behaviors, knowledge and acceptability of PrEP. RESULTS: After an introduction on PrEP, presuming that it was effective, safe and free of charge, 85.9% of the 405 FSWs said they would use it. Data from logistic regression analysis showed that significant factors of intent to use PrEP would include the followings: workplace (OR = 2.256, P = 0.009), monthly income (OR = 0.257, P = 0.004), family closeness (OR = 0.338, P = 0.012), knowledge on HIV/AIDS (OR = 2.802, P = 0.028), HIV/AIDS risk was introduced from a strange client (OR = 0.363, P = 0.049), whether the gatekeeper ordering the use of condom (OR = 0.432, P = 0.010), whether consistent using condom with clients (OR = 3.010, P = 0.002), whether ever using drugs to prevent STD infection (OR = 3.570, P = 0.049) etc. CONCLUSION: Awareness on HIV/AIDS knowledge and self-protection seemed the main influential factors while health education might promote the acceptability of PrEP.

The effects of a pulsed magnetic field on carotid restenosis and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of pulsed magnetic fields of different intensity on carotid restenosis (CRS), post carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Methods An animal model of carotid altherosclerosis was established in 50 New Zealand rabbits by using air-drying lesions combined with high fat feed. After two months, the rabbits were treated with bilateral CEA, and then divided randomly into 3 groups. Two of the groups were treated with ei-ther 0.6 or 1.0 T pulsed magnetic fields, while the third group served as an untreated blank control. Changes in the pathology of the tunica intima were observed 1, 2 and 3 months after the CEA using morphologic analysis, and the expression of MMP-2 in the VSMC was determined using immunohistochemistry. Results The histological a-nalysis showed that the total luminal area, plaque area, the maximum plaque thickness and the proportion of siena-sis in the treated groups were all significandy lower, on average, than in the control group. At all three time points the average improvements in the 1.0 T group were significantly greater than in the 0.6 T group. The average ex-pression of MMP-2 in the treated groups was significantly lower than in the control group, especially in the 1.0 T group. Conclusions Pulsed magnetic field therapy positively influences CRS and the expression of MMP-2 in VSMC. Reduced MMP-2 expression might be one of the mechanisms through which pulsed magnetic fields prevent or lessen carotid restenosis post CEA.

Effects of Neuromuscular Electrotherapy and Kinesitherapy on Brachial Plexus Palsy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To study the effects neuromuscular electrotherapy and kinesitherapy on brachial plexus palsy. Methods 20 patients with brachial plexus palsy accepted neuromuscular electrical stimulation on involved muscles, and were followed up for 18～58 months. Other 17 patients accepted neurolysis alone were as control. Results The function of shoulder and elbow in electric stimulation group was significantly superior to that of control (P<0.01). Conclusion Neuromuscular electrotherapy combined with kinestherapy is effective on the brachial plexus palsy.

Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy on Expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-A after Carotid Endarterectomy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the effect of different dosage of pulsed magnetic field on expression of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) in rabbits with carotid atherosclerosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods Carotid atherosclerosis were modeled in 50 New Zealand rabbits with air-drying lesion combined with high fat feed. All animals were treated with double side carotid endarterectomy after 2 months, and were randomly divided 3 groups: 0.6 T group, 1.0 T group and the blank control. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor-A were detected with immunohistochemistry 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after CEA. Results The expression of PDGF-A in treated groups were lower significantly than that in controls (P<0.05) 2 month after CEA, and it was the lowest in 1.0 T group, lower in 0.6 T group 3 month after CEA. Conclusion The pulsed magnetic field therapy can decrease the expression of PDGF-A, which might be helpful to prevent the carotid from restenosis.

Effect of Sciatic Nerve Compression with Different Pressures and Sites on Neural Blood Flow in Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the changes of neural blood flow when oppressed with different pressures and at different sites in rat's sciatic nerve.MethodsThe sciatic nerve compression model of rat with pressure and time controlled simultaneously was established.The changes of neural blood flow were observed by oppressing the sciatic nerve with five grades pressures using Gasbag.The rats were randomly divided into the distal compression group and proximal compression group,and the changes of neural blood flow were observed in each group.ResultsThe neural blood flow changed significantly(P<0.05) when the sciatic nerve was oppressed with different pressures and it had the decreasing tendency with the pressures increasing.The neural blood flow of each group decreased obviously(P<0.01).The effect of oppressing distal nerve on neural blood flow was more obvious than that of oppressing proximal nerve(P<0.01).ConclusionMechanical compression can influence the neural blood flow obviously.The distal vessels of sciatic nerve are the major sources of nerve blood supply.

Effect of Sciatic Nerve Compression with Different Pressures and Sites on Neural Blood Flow in Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the changes of neural blood flow when oppressed with different pressures and at different sites in rat's sciatic nerve.MethodsThe sciatic nerve compression model of rat with pressure and time controlled simultaneously was established.The changes of neural blood flow were observed by oppressing the sciatic nerve with five grades pressures using Gasbag.The rats were randomly divided into the distal compression group and proximal compression group,and the changes of neural blood flow were observed in each group.ResultsThe neural blood flow changed significantly(P<0.05) when the sciatic nerve was oppressed with different pressures and it had the decreasing tendency with the pressures increasing.The neural blood flow of each group decreased obviously(P<0.01).The effect of oppressing distal nerve on neural blood flow was more obvious than that of oppressing proximal nerve(P<0.01).ConclusionMechanical compression can influence the neural blood flow obviously.The distal vessels of sciatic nerve are the major sources of nerve blood supply.