ABSTRACT
Three personal protection methods were evaluated against phlebotomine sand flies in Panama. Skin applications of five selected repellents including deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) provided a mean coefficient of protection (CP) of 99.2% against the attack of at least three sand fly species. Deet-treated net jackets also provided good protection, but it was concluded that an additional application of repellent to the unprotected face was necessary for maximum protection. Permethrin-treated clothing did not provide the protection expected. Apparently sand fly behavior and resistance to quick knock-down were responsible for the numbers of bites recorded, and therefore maximum protection from bites would require application of deet or another suitable repellent to the exposed skin when wearing permethrin-treated clothing.
Subject(s)
Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control , Insect Repellents , Insect Vectors , Phlebotomus , Animals , Clothing , DEET , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/transmission , Panama , Permethrin , PyrethrinsSubject(s)
Diptera/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , Female , Male , United States Virgin IslandsSubject(s)
Diptera/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , Female , Larva/physiology , Male , Ovum/physiology , United States Virgin IslandsSubject(s)
Diptera/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , Female , Male , United States Virgin IslandsABSTRACT
A deterministic simulation model was used to establish the potential value of releasing male-linked translocation heterozygotes as a control measure for Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. Theoretical population reductions exceeding 90% were obtained within 90 and 120 days after releases at initial ratios of 5 translocation males (TM): 1 normal male (NM) and 1 TM: 1 NM, respectively. Additional simulations emphasized the importance of the need for a method that would eliminate females from the release material. Releases containing 15% females were less effective than those with none. When a malaria subroutine was included in the model, the calculations showed that all the theoretical releases greatly reduced the number of malaria-infective females and therefore would have a profound effect on transmission of the disease. The number of malaria-infective females present was eliminated completely when only translocation males were released; however, a small number were present when the releases contained 15% females. Male-linked translocation males required longer periods of time to bring about population control than males that were completely sterile.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/genetics , Computers , Malaria/prevention & control , Translocation, Genetic , Animals , Female , Fertility , Heterozygote , Malaria/transmission , Male , Models, Biological , Population DensityABSTRACT
Sustained releases of the microhymenopteran pupal parasite Spalangia endius, at a commercial poultry installation in north Florida, completely suppressed a population of houseflies with in 35 days.
Subject(s)
Houseflies , Hymenoptera , Insect Control/methods , Wasps , Animals , Poultry , Pupa , SeasonsSubject(s)
Culicidae/physiology , Mosquito Control , Animals , Female , Male , Models, Biological , PopulationSubject(s)
Insect Repellents , Mosquito Control , Protective Devices , Animals , Evaluation Studies as Topic , HumansSubject(s)
Anopheles , Chemosterilants , Mosquito Control , Animals , Ecology , El Salvador , Insecticide Resistance , Larva , Malaria/prevention & control , Male , Reproduction , SeasonsSubject(s)
Anopheles , Chemosterilants , Mosquito Control , Animals , Ecology , El Salvador , Female , Malaria/prevention & control , Male , Mathematics , Models, Theoretical , Reproduction , Seasons , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Statistics as TopicSubject(s)
Anopheles , Chemosterilants , Mosquito Control , Animals , DDT , El Salvador , Female , Male , Methods , Pesticide Residues , Propoxur , Pupa , Reproduction , SeasonsSubject(s)
Culicidae , Models, Biological , Population Growth , Animals , Female , Fertility , Infertility, Male , Insect Control , Male , Mortality , Probability , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Dichlorvos/analysis , Insect Control , Pesticide Residues/analysis , Rodentia , Siphonaptera , Trichlorfon/analysis , AnimalsSubject(s)
Chemosterilants , Mosquito Control , Animals , Anopheles/physiology , Culex/physiology , Female , Larva , Male , Methods , Population Density , Pupa , Statistics as Topic , ThiotepaSubject(s)
Insect Repellents , Mosquito Control , Animals , Culicidae , Humans , Methods , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This paper reviews and discusses a technique that can be used to study the dynamics of populations under the influence of favourable or unfavourable environmental factors or the stress of population control. It is encouraging for those interested in the sterility approach to pest control that the reproductive success of insects with a reputedly high biotic potential is limited to relatively low rates under field conditions. Further studies are needed under other conditions, in other areas, and with other species.