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1.
Integr Org Biol ; 3(1): obaa043, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33791586

ABSTRACT

Epidermal lipids serve as the primary barrier to cutaneous water loss (CWL) and play a significant role in water conservation and homeostasis. Previous studies have shown the correlation between increased aridity of habitats and the amount of epidermal lipids among species. Generally, increased amounts of epidermal lipids lower skin permeability. Species-specific differences in CWL and prey preferences between two sympatric snake species, the Northern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and the Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), motivated us to question if prey-base can result in these observed species-specific differences in CWL. We experimentally controlled the diets for a captive colony of Northern Cottonmouths (A. piscivorus) by feeding either fish (Notemigonus crysoleucas) or mice (Mus musculus) to investigate if diet can affect the quantity and quality of epidermal lipids and the rates of CWL. Snakes fed mice gained consistently more mass, but diet treatments did not affect growth rate. We found no significant differences in quantitative lipid content or rates of CWL between diet treatments. An analysis for qualitative lipid content using infrared spectrophotometry also showed no diet effect, thus suggesting that lipid content and CWL are strong species-specific physiological performance traits not influenced by recent dietary history. While there is some evidence that epidermal permeability may be variable under certain environmental conditions (e.g., humidity), our findings show that diet has no effect and that a shift in prey preference may not influence or enhance physiological performance for decreasing CWL.


Spanish Resumen Los lípidos epidérmicos crean la principal barrera para prevenir la pérdida de agua a través de la epidermis; esto es un factor muy importante en la homeostasis y en la prevención de la deshidratación. En estudios anteriores se estableció que en algunas especies existe una correlación entre los hábitats donde se incrementa la aridez y la cantidad de lípidos epidérmicos. En general, cuando se incrementa la cantidad de lípidos epidérmicos, se reduce la permeabilidad de la piel. Considerando que existen diferencias en la pérdida de agua a través de la piel y las preferencias de presas entre dos especies simpátricas de víboras, la serpiente mocasín de agua del norte (Agkistrodon piscivorus) y la víbora cobriza del este (Agkistrodon contortrix), decidimos investigar si el tipo de dieta podría explicar las diferencias observadas en pérdida de agua. Hicimos un experimento donde alimentamos a una colonia en cautiverio de serpientes mocasín de agua del norte con dos tipos de presas, pescado (Notemigonus crysoleucas) o ratones (Mus musculus), para investigar si el tipo de dieta afecta la cantidad y la calidad de los lípidos epidérmicos, además de la tasa de pérdida de agua a través de la piel. Las serpientes que se alimentaron con ratones mostraron un incremento consistente en la masa, pero las diferencias en dietas no afectaron la tasa de crecimiento. Tampoco encontramos diferencias significativas en la cantidad de lípidos, como tampoco en la tasa de pérdida de agua a través de la piel. En un análisis cualitativo del contenido lipídico usando espectrofotometría infrarroja se demostró que no hay efecto atribuido al tipo de dieta, lo cual sugiere que el contenido lipídico y la pérdida de agua son características fisiológicas muy arraigadas y específicas de las especies, y que no están influenciadas por los hábitos alimenticios recientes. Aunque hay evidencia de que la permeabilidad epidérmica puede ser variable debido a ciertas condiciones ambientales (ej., humedad), nuestros resultados demuestran que la dieta no tiene efecto, y que algún cambio en la preferencia de dietas no debería influenciar el desempeño fisiológico debido a la pérdida cutánea de agua.

2.
Ann Oncol ; 22(9): 2014-2020, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21289364

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) overexpressing HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) are currently selected for treatment with trastuzumab, but not all patients respond. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a novel assay, HER2 protein expression (H2T) was measured in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary breast tumors from 98 women treated with trastuzumab-based therapy for MBC. Using subpopulation treatment effect pattern plots, the population was divided into H2T low (H2T < 13.8), H2T high (H2T ≥ 68.5), and H2T intermediate (13.8 ≤ H2T < 68.5) subgroups. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analyses were carried out comparing the groups for time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Cox multivariate analyses were carried out to identify correlates of clinical outcome. Bootstrapping analyses were carried out to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS: TTP improved with increasing H2T until, at the highest levels of H2T, an abrupt decrease in the TTP was observed. KM analyses demonstrated that patients with H2T low tumors [median TTP 4.2 months, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.7, P < 0.0001] or H2T high tumors (median TTP 4.6 months, HR = 2.7, P = 0.008) had significantly shorter TTP than patients whose tumors were H2T intermediate (median TTP 12 months). OS analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: MBC patients with very high levels of H2T may represent a subgroup with de novo resistance to trastuzumab. These results are preliminary and require confirmation in larger controlled clinical cohorts.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/enzymology , Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Cohort Studies , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Female , Gene Amplification , Gene Dosage , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Trastuzumab , Treatment Outcome
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