Primary importance of zwitterionic over anionic phospholipids in the surface-active function of calf lung surfactant extract.

The relative contributions of zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids to the surface-active function of calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) were assessed by measurements of surface properties in vitro and pressure-volume (P-V) mechanics in excised rat lungs in situ. Surface activity and mechanical effects were compared for chromatographically purified CLSE subfractions containing the complete mix of phospholipids (PPL) or modified phospholipids depleted in anionic components (mPPL), alone or combined with 1.3% (by weight) of hydrophobic surfactant proteins (SP-B and SP-C). Surface pressure-time (pi-t) adsorption isotherms at 37 degrees C were very similar for dispersions of PPL and mPPL in a Teflon dish with a stirred subphase to minimize diffusion resistance. Combination of either PPL or mPPL with hydrophobic SP substantially improved adsorption, but mixtures of PPL:SP and mPPL:SP had only small differences in pi-t isotherms and reached the same final equilibrium pi of approximately 47 mN/m achieved by CLSE. Surface pressure-area (pi-A) isotherms and maximum surface pressures were also very similar for spread films of PPL versus mPPL and PPL:SP versus mPPL:SP on the Wilhelmy balance (23 degrees C and 37 degrees C). Respreading based on pi-A isotherm area calculations was slightly better in surface-excess films of PPL versus mPPL and PPL:SP versus mPPL:SP, but differences were minor and were smaller at 37 degrees C than at 23 degrees C. Overall dynamic surface activity in oscillating bubble studies was not significantly different for PPL versus mPPL or for PPL:SP versus mPPL:SP, and the latter two mixtures both reached minimum surface tensions < 1 mN/m (37 degrees C, 20 cycles/min, 0.5 mM phospholipid). Dispersions of PPL:SP, mPPL:SP, and CLSE were also not significantly different in improving P-V mechanics almost to normal when instilled in lavaged, excised rat lungs at 37 degrees C (30 mg/2.5 ml saline). These data suggest that zwitterionic phospholipids have a major role over anionic phospholipids in interacting with hydrophobic SP in the adsorption, dynamic surface tension lowering, film respreading, and pulmonary mechanical activity of the hydrophobic components of calf lung surfactant in CLSE.

Control of structure and growth of polymorphic crystalline thin films of amphiphilic molecules on liquid surfaces.

The spontaneous formation and coexistence of crystalline polymorphic trilayer domains in amphiphilic films at air-liquid interfaces is demonstrated by grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction. These polymorphic crystallites may serve as models for the early stages of crystal nucleation and growth, helping to elucidate the manner in which additives influence the progress of crystal nucleation, growth, and polymorphism and suggesting ways of selectively generating and controlling multilayers on liquid surfaces. Auxiliary molecules have been designed to selectively inhibit development of the polymorphs, leading primarily to a single phase monolayer.