ABSTRACT
PIP: Using data from the World Fertility Survey (WFS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), this article provides a global overview of levels and trends in contraceptive use. The discussion is accompanied by figures showing 1) the total fertility rate by contraceptive prevalence in 104 countries and 2) regional trends in the percentage of married women of reproductive age currently using contraception for developing countries. Tabulated data are also provided on 1) the regional average prevalence of specific contraceptive methods, 2) the percentage of married women of reproductive age currently using contraception by country and region, 3) recent trends in contraceptive prevalence in developing countries which have data available from two or more surveys, 4) a summary of annual average increase in contraceptive prevalence in less developed countries by region and by prevalence at earlier survey, 5) the change in the prevalence of use of selected contraceptive methods, 6) trends in contraceptive prevalence between the WFS and DHS by urban and rural residence, and 7) the same trends by woman's education. Analysis of these data reveal that about 53% of couples worldwide are using contraception (48% in developing and 71% in developed countries). About 80% of contraceptive use in developing countries is accounted for by sterilization, IUDs, and oral contraceptives. In nearly two-thirds of the developing countries where trends can be measured, contraceptive prevalence has been increasing by 1-2 percentage points per year. Urban residence resulted in prevalence 20 percentage points higher than rural residence, and highly educated women average around 30 percentage points higher use. These differentials changed very little over the decade for which data were available. Thus, the pace of future fertility decline will depend upon the growth of contraceptive practice among less educated and rural women.^ieng
Subject(s)
Birth Rate , Contraception Behavior , Contraception , Demography , Developing Countries , Educational Status , Rural Population , Urban Population , Economics , Family Planning Services , Fertility , Population , Population Characteristics , Population Dynamics , Social Class , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
In Exp. 1 the effects of progressive and imaginal relaxation training were examined for 51 psychiatric inpatients. Relaxation Inventory scores indicated significant changes in the direction of greater relaxation for each training procedure; there were no significant differences in responses to the two types of training. Significant relaxation effects were found for each of three training sessions, but the effects were not cumulative. Only one patient was withdrawn because reaction to training was overtly negative. Exp. 2 was an analysis of Exp. 1 data in combination with data from a prior study. Patients and college students responded much alike but students reached greater relaxation within sessions. Further experimentation on relaxation training with psychiatric inpatients appears justified.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Hospitalization , Relaxation Therapy , Schizophrenia/therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Aged , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Imagination , Male , Middle Aged , Personality InventoryABSTRACT
"This paper reviews survey-based data regarding contraceptive prevalence and methods employed in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on changes in the mix of methods over time. The most striking recent trend is the rise in use of female sterilization.... By contrast, use of male sterilization remains negligible in most countries. The oral contraceptive pill is by far the most popular of the temporary methods, though its prevalence has more often declined than increased in recent years. Together female sterilization and the pill make up around [two-thirds] of contraceptive practice in Latin America and the Caribbean." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Subject(s)
Contraception Behavior , Contraception , Contraceptives, Oral , Sterilization, Reproductive , Time Factors , Americas , Caribbean Region , Demography , Developing Countries , Family Planning Services , Latin America , North America , Population , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
The extent to which seriously disturbed inpatients report side effects related to passive and progressive relaxation training was examined. Most reported few side effects; only 1 of 64 subjects was removed because of a negative reaction to training. There was no significant difference in side effects reported in response to the two training procedures. Comparisons were made with data from a survey of therapists who practice relaxation training.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Relaxation Therapy/adverse effects , Schizophrenia/therapy , Adult , Aged , Arousal , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle Relaxation , Schizophrenic Psychology , ThinkingABSTRACT
Abstract The extended family has been an essential part of Chinese society, both in cultural ideal and social reality.(1) The traditional Chinese ideal has been for co-residence of parents with their married sons and their families in a large, joint-stem household unit. The reality, in Taiwan and elsewhere, has deviated from the ideal in several ways. First, for any given young couple, relatives necessary for a joint-stem family may not be available at one or another stage of the family life cycle. Secondly, even when all the necessary relatives are available, the emphasis has been on the vertical filial tie, rather than the horizontal fraternal tie, so the predominant fact has been co-residence of parents with a married son. Married brothers usually-do not live together and, if they do, it is usually when the parent is or has been in the same unit.
