ABSTRACT
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is resistant to virtually all chemo- and targeted therapeutic approaches. Epigenetic regulators represent a novel class of drug targets. Among them, BET and HDAC proteins are central regulators of chromatin structure and transcription, and preclinical evidence suggests effectiveness of combined BET and HDAC inhibition in PDAC. Here, we describe that TW9, a newly generated adduct of the BET inhibitor (+)-JQ1 and class I HDAC inhibitor CI994, is a potent dual inhibitor simultaneously targeting BET and HDAC proteins. TW9 has a similar affinity to BRD4 bromodomains as (+)-JQ1 and shares a conserved binding mode, but is significantly more active in inhibiting HDAC1 compared to the parental HDAC inhibitor CI994. TW9 was more potent in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation compared to (+)-JQ1, CI994 alone or combined treatment of both inhibitors. Sequential administration of gemcitabine and TW9 showed additional synergistic antitumor effects. Microarray analysis revealed that dysregulation of a FOSL1-directed transcriptional program contributed to the antitumor effects of TW9. Our results demonstrate the potential of a dual chromatin-targeting strategy in the treatment of PDAC and provide a rationale for further development of multitarget inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Azepines/chemistry , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics , Triazoles/chemistry , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism , Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxycytidine/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Histone Deacetylase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Humans , Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Protein Domains/drug effects , Transcription Factors/chemistry , Transcription Factors/metabolism , GemcitabineABSTRACT
Targeting the epigenome of cancer cells with the combination of Bromodomain and Extra Terminal (BET) protein inhibitors and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors has shown synergistic antitumor effects in several cancer types. In this study, we investigate the antitumor potential of the novel dual BET/HDAC inhibitor TW09 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells. TW09 reduces cell viability, suppresses long-term clonogenic survival and induces cell death in RMS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to BET/HDAC co-inhibition using JQ1 and MS-275, TW09 induces similar cell death at equimolar concentrations and regulates BET and HDAC target proteins (e.g. c-MYC, H3 acetylation). Mechanistic studies revealed that TW09 upregulates BIM, NOXA, PUMA and BMF, while downregulating BCL-XL, leading to proapoptotic rebalancing of BCL-2 proteins. This results in BAK and BAX activation and caspase-dependent apoptosis, since individual genetic silencing of BIM, NOXA, PUMA, BMF, BAK or BAX, overexpression of BCL-2 or the caspase inhibition with zVAD.fmk all rescue JQ1/BYL719-induced cell death. In conclusion, TW09 shows potent antitumor activity in RMS cells in vitro by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and may represent a promising new therapeutic option for the treatment of RMS.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Mitochondria/drug effects , Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Rhabdomyosarcoma/drug therapy , Caspases/physiology , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology , Rhabdomyosarcoma/pathology , bcl-2-Associated X Protein/physiologyABSTRACT
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis arising from Western diet and lifestyle is characterized by accumulation of fat in liver causing inflammation and fibrosis. It evolves as serious health burden with alarming incidence, but there is no satisfying pharmacological therapy to date. Considering the disease's multifactorial nature, modulation of multiple targets might provide superior therapeutic efficacy. In particular, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation that revealed antisteatotic and antifibrotic effects in clinical trials combined with inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as anti-inflammatory strategy promises synergies. To exploit this dual concept, we developed agents exerting partial FXR agonism and sEH inhibitory activity. Merging known pharmacophores and systematic exploration of the structure-activity relationship on both targets produced dual modulators with low nanomolar potency. Extensive in vitro characterization confirmed high dual efficacy in cellular context combined with low toxicity, and pilot in vivo data revealed favorable pharmacokinetics as well as engagement on both targets in vivo.
