Increased gelatinase activity in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblast cultures with unaltered gelatinase A mRNA expression.

Gelatinase A is one of the matrix metalloproteinases, the principle enzymes degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane components. The aim of this study was to study gelatinase expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Fibroblasts were grown from uninvolved and involved skin of SSc patients and from healthy controls. Gelatinase activity was assayed by degradation of tritium-labeled gelatin. Gelatinase A mRNA was quantitated by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gelatinase activity was significantly increased in both uninvolved and involved SSc cultures. However, gelatinase A mRNA was unaltered in both cases. Neither SSc nor control skin fibroblasts expressed gelatinase B, indicating that the increased gelatinase activity is not due to gelatinase B induction. Gelatinase A is a specific basement membrane degrading enzyme, so increased gelatinase activity may be related to the pathophysiology of SSc by initiating microvascular damage and leakage of substances capable of producing further endothelial cell damage or fibroblast activation. Increased gelatinase activity in SSc fibroblasts seems to be regulated at translational and/or post-translational level.

Jelly belly: a Drosophila LDL receptor repeat-containing signal required for mesoderm migration and differentiation.

Inductive interactions subdivide the Drosophila mesoderm into visceral, somatic, and heart muscle precursors. The muscle precursors form organs by executing tissue-specific migrations and cell fusions. We identified a novel gene, jelly belly (jeb), which is required for visceral mesoderm development. jeb encodes a secreted protein that contains an LDL receptor repeat. In jeb mutants, visceral mesoderm precursors form, but they fail to migrate or differentiate normally; no visceral muscles develop. Jeb protein is produced in somatic muscle precursors and taken up by visceral muscle precursors. jeb reveals a signaling process in which somatic muscle precursors support the proper migration and differentiation of visceral muscle cells. Later in embryogenesis, jeb is transcribed in neurons and Jeb protein is found in axons.

Enhancing the specificity of the COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by retesting specimens with equivocal results.

The COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae cross-reacts with certain strains of nonpathogenic Neisseria species. In some strains, the target sequence is identical to that of N. gonorrhoeae, whereas other strains have a small number of mismatches within the regions recognized by the primers or probe used in the COBAS AMPLICOR NG test. These cross-reactive strains are occasionally present in urogenital specimens, causing false-positive results in the COBAS AMPLICOR NG test. Analysis of the data generated in a large multicenter clinical trial showed that 2.9% of the specimens gave signals between A(660)s of 0.2 and 3.5 but that one-half of these equivocal specimens did not contain N. gonorrhoeae. Most of these equivocal specimens were correctly classified as true positive or true negative by retesting in duplicate and defining a PCR-positive result as two of three results with an A(660) of > or =2.0. If specimens had been classified as positive or negative based on a single test result using a cutoff of an A(660) of 0.2, specificity would have ranged from 96.2 to 98.9% depending on specimen type, sex, and presence of symptoms. By employing the equivocal zone-retesting algorithm, specificity increased to 98.6 to 99.9% with little effect (0.1 to 4.9% decrease) on sensitivity in most specimen types, enabling the test to achieve a positive predictive value of at least 90% in populations with a prevalence of 4% or higher. In lower-prevalence populations, the test could be used to screen for presumptive infections that would have to be confirmed by an independent test.

Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men.

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are universally acknowledged as urethral pathogens, yet the etiology in the majority of cases of urethritis is unclear. Our case-control study assessed the association of Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and other potential pathogens with acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in heterosexual men presenting to an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic. M. genitalium was detected in 27 (22%) of 121 NGU case patients and in 5 (4%) of 117 control subjects (P<.01). Although C. trachomatis was detected in 36 (30%) of 121 NGU case patients and in 4 (3%) of 117 control subjects (P<.01), only 3 men with NGU were infected with both C. trachomatis and M. genitalium. U. urealyticum was not associated with NGU. By multivariate analyses, controlling for age, race, history of prior urethritis, and chlamydial infection, M. genitalium was associated with a 6.5-fold increased risk of urethritis (95% confidence interval, 2.1-19.5), which supports a role of this organism in the etiology of NGU.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: the herpetic connection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While genital ulcers are a risk factor in HIV infection, the association of specific agents of genital ulcer disease (GUD) with HIV infection may vary. GOAL: To determine the etiology of GUD in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Durban, Johannesburg, and Cape Town, South Africa, and the association of previous and current sexually transmitted infections with HIV infection in men with ulcerative and nonulcerative STDs. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 558 men with genital ulcers and 602 men with urethritis. RESULTS: Patients with GUD were more likely to be infected with HIV than patients with urethritis (39.4% versus 21.4%, P< or =0.001). Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) was the most common agent identified in ulcer specimens (35.9%), and was detected in a significantly higher proportion of ulcer specimens from HIV-infected patients than in specimens from HIV-uninfected patients (47.4% versus 28.2%, P< or =0.001). Patients infected with HIV-1 were significantly more likely to have HSV-2 infection, as measured by the presence of the antibody to glycoprotein G-2, than patients not infected with HIV (63.1% versus 38.5%, P< or =0.001). Patients infected with HIV-1 were also significantly more likely to have initial HSV-2 infection than HIV-uninfected patients with GUD (50.0% versus 31.6%, P = 0.007). Haemophilus ducreyi was detected in 31.7% of ulcer specimens; prevalence did not vary by HIV-infection status. Treponema pallidum DNA was detected significantly less frequently in ulcer specimens from patients infected with HIV than in specimens from patients not infected with HIV (10.2% versus 26%, P< or =0.001); no association was found between HIV-infection status and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test seroreactivity, even when men with M-PCR-positive syphilis lesions were excluded from the analyses. CONCLUSION: The authors found that HSV-2 is a more common etiology of GUD than has been suggested by previous studies conducted in South Africa; serologic evidence of HSV-2 infection and current cases of genital herpes are strongly associated with HIV infection among men who present to STD clinics with GUD or urethritis.

Levels of endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in psoriasis.

Neovascularization appears to play an early and important part in the evolution of psoriatic plaques. We studied the distribution and production of two known angiogenesis factors, endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor (ESAF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in the skin of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and normal control subjects. Our results showed that tissue levels of ESAF and VEGF were significantly elevated in involved as compared with normal control skin (P = 0.006 and P < 0. 0001, respectively). Tissue levels of ESAF and VEGF were also raised in involved skin as compared with uninvolved skin in patients with psoriasis (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Tissue levels of ESAF and VEGF in plaques of psoriasis correlated closely with the clinical severity of psoriasis (r = 0.6 and r = 0.9, respectively). Serum levels of ESAF and VEGF were significantly raised in patients with psoriasis as compared with control subjects (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). In vitro culture studies revealed that ESAF is produced by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts in approximately equal quantities in normal skin, whereas VEGF is secreted predominately by keratinocytes. A similar pattern is seen in both involved and uninvolved skin of patients with psoriasis. However, there is increased secretion of both factors in keratinocytes and fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved skin as compared with normal control skin (P < 0.001). The increased levels and secretion in plaques of psoriasis of two molecules, ESAF and VEGF, known to promote new blood vessel formation, suggest a pathogenetic role for them in this disease.

Chancroid, primary syphilis, genital herpes, and lymphogranuloma venereum in Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Ulcer material from consecutive patients attending clinics in Antananarivo, Madagascar, was tested using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) to detect Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and herpes simplex virus. Sera were tested for syphilis and for IgG and IgM antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis by microimmunofluorescence testing (MIF). By M-PCR, 33% of 196 patients had chancroid, 29% had syphilitic ulcers, and 10% had genital herpes; 32% of the ulcer specimens were M-PCR negative. Compared with M-PCR, syphilis serology was 72% sensitive and 83% specific. The sensitivity of clinical diagnosis of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes was 93%, 53%, and 0% and specificity was 20%, 52%, and 99%, respectively. Less schooling was associated with increased prevalence of syphilitic ulcers (P=.001). Sixteen patients (8%) were clinically diagnosed with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV); 1 plausible case of LGV was found by MIF. In Madagascar, primary care of genital ulcers should include syndromic treatment for syphilis and chancroid.

Genital ulcers: etiology, clinical diagnosis, and associated human immunodeficiency virus infection in Kingston, Jamaica.

Individuals presenting consecutively with genital ulcers in Kingston, Jamaica, underwent serological testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, chlamydial infection, and syphilis. Ulcer material was analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) analysis. DNA from herpes simplex virus (HSV), Haemophilus ducreyi, and Treponema pallidum was detected in 158 (52.0%), 72 (23.7%), and 31 (10.2%) of 304 ulcer specimens. Of the 304 subjects, 67 (22%) were HIV-seropositive and 64 (21%) were T. pallidum-seroreactive. Granuloma inguinale was clinically diagnosed in nine (13.4%) of 67 ulcers negative by M-PCR analysis and in 12 (5.1%) of 237 ulcers positive by M-PCR analysis (P = .03). Lymphogranuloma venereum was clinically diagnosed in eight patients. Compared with M-PCR analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of a clinical diagnosis of syphilis, herpes, and chancroid were 67.7%, 53.8%, and 75% and 91.2%, 83.6%, and 75.4%, respectively. Reactive syphilis serology was 74% sensitive and 85% specific compared with M-PCR analysis. Reported contact with a prostitute in the preceding 3 months was associated with chancroid (P = .009), reactive syphilis serology (P = .011), and HIV infection (P = .007). The relatively poor accuracy of clinical and locally available laboratory diagnoses pleads for syndromic management of genital ulcers in Jamaica. Prevention efforts should be intensified.

Genital ulcers: etiology, clinical diagnosis, and associated human immunodeficiency virus infection in Kingston, Jamaica

Individuals presenting consecutively with genital ulcers in Kingston, Jamaica, underwent serological testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection , chlamydial infection, and syphilis. Ulcer material was analyzed by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) analysis DNA from herpes simplex virus (HSV), Haemophilus ducreyi, and Treponema pallidum was detected in 158 (52.0 percent), 72 (23.7 percent), and 31 (10.2 percent) of 304 ulcer specimens. Of the 304 subjects, 67 (22 percent) were HIV-seropositive and 64 (21 percent) were T. pallidum-seroactive. Granuloma inguinale was clinically diagnosed in nine (13.4 percent) of 67 ulcers negative by M-PCR analysis and in 12 (5.1 percent) of 237 ulcers positive by M-PCR analysis (P = .03). Lymphogranuloma venereum was clinically diagnosed in eight patients. Compared with M-PCR analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of a clinical diagnosis of syphilis, herpes, and chancroid were 67.7 percent, 53.8 percent, and 75 percent and 91.2 percent, 83.6 percent, and 75.4 percent, respectively. Reactive syphilis serology was 74 percent sensitive and 85 percent specific compared with M-PCR analysis. Reported contact with a prostitute in the preceding 3 months was associated with chancroid (P = .009), reactive syphilis serology (P = .011), and HIV infection (P = .007). The relatively poor pleads for syndromic management of genital ulcers in Jamaica. Prevention efforts should be intensified.(Au)

Detection of Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Herpes Simplex Virus by Multiplex PCR.

The three major causes of genital ulcer disease (GUD) are herpes simplex virus (HSV), Treponema pallidum, and Haemophilus ducreyi. Although techniques exist for the laboratory diagnosis of all three organisms, constraints of cost, availability of equipment and expertise, and the lack of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, result in clinical presentation being primarily used for the diagnosis of GUD both in the United States and in developing countries. Due to the overlapping clinical presentation of the three diseases caused by these etiologic agents, and due to coinfection, these diseases are often misdiagnosed (1). It is now recognized that not only is GUD a cofactor in HIV transmission, but also that treatment of sexually transmitted diseases can reduce the incidence of HIV (2-4), thus efficient and early diagnosis and treatment of GUD is of utmost importance.

Capillary growth in relation to blood flow and performance in overloaded rat skeletal muscle.

Rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were overloaded by stretch after removal of the synergist tibialis anterior muscle to determine the relationship between capillary growth, muscle blood flow, and presence of growth factors. After 2 wk, sarcomere length increased from 2.4 to 2.9 micrometers. Capillary-to-fiber ratio, estimated from alkaline phosphatase-stained frozen sections, was increased by 33% (P < 0.0001) and 60% (P < 0.01), compared with control muscles (1.44 +/- 0.06) after 2 and 8 wk, respectively. At 2 wk, the increased capillary-to-fiber ratio was not associated with any changes in mRNA for basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) or its protein distribution. FGF-2 immunoreactivity was present in nerves and large blood vessels but was negative in capillaries, whereas the activity of low-molecular endothelial-cell-stimulating angiogenic factor (ESAF) was 50% higher in stretched muscles. Muscle blood flows measured by radiolabeled microspheres during contractions were not significantly different after 2 or 8 wk (132 +/- 37 and 177 +/- 22 ml. min-1. 100 g-1, respectively) from weight-matched controls (156 +/- 12 and 150 +/- 10 ml. min-1. 100 g-1, respectively). Resistance to fatigue during 5-min isometric contractions (final/peak tension x 100) was similar in 2-wk overloaded and contralateral muscles (85 vs. 80%) and enhanced after 8 wk to 92%, compared with 77% in contralateral muscles and 67% in controls. We conclude that increased blood flow cannot be responsible for initiating expansion of the capillary bed, nor does it explain the reduced fatigue within overloaded muscles. However, stretch can present a mechanical stimulus to capillary growth, acting either directly on the capillary abluminal surface or by upregulating ESAF, but not FGF-2, in the extracellular matrix.

Dorsoventral patterning in the Drosophila central nervous system: the intermediate neuroblasts defective homeobox gene specifies intermediate column identity.

One of the first steps in neurogenesis is the diversification of cells along the dorsoventral axis. In Drosophila the central nervous system develops from three longitudinal columns of cells: ventral cells that express the vnd/nk2 homeobox gene, intermediate cells, and dorsal cells that express the msh homeobox gene. Here we describe a new Drosophila homeobox gene, intermediate neuroblasts defective (ind), which is expressed specifically in the intermediate column cells. ind is essential for intermediate column development: Null mutants have a transformation of intermediate to dorsal column neuroectoderm fate, and only 10% of the intermediate column neuroblasts develop. The establishment of dorsoventral column identity involves negative regulation: Vnd represses ind in the ventral column, whereas ind represses msh in the intermediate column. Vertebrate genes closely related to vnd (Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2), ind (Gsh1 and Gsh2), and msh (Msx1 and Msx3) are expressed in corresponding ventral, intermediate, and dorsal domains during vertebrate neurogenesis, raising the possibility that dorsoventral patterning within the central nervous system is evolutionarily conserved.

An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson, Mississippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

In 1994, an apparent outbreak of atypical genital ulcers was noted by clinicians at the sexually transmitted disease clinic in Jackson, Mississippi. Of 143 patients with ulcers tested with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 56 (39%) were positive for Haemophilus ducreyi, 44 (31%) for herpes simplex virus, and 27 (19%) for Treponema pallidum; 12 (8%) were positive for > 1 organism. Of 136 patients tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by serology, 14 (10%) were HIV-seropositive, compared with none of 200 patients without ulcers (P < .001). HIV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in ulcers of 6 (50%) of 12 HIV-positive patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that men with chancroid were significantly more likely than male patients without ulcers to report sex with a crack cocaine user, exchange of money or drugs for sex, and multiple sex partners. The strong association between genital ulcers and HIV infection in this population highlights the urgency of preventing genital ulcers in the southern United States.

Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities. The Genital Ulcer Disease Surveillance Group.

To determine the etiology of genital ulcers and to assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in ulcer patients in 10 US cities, ulcer and serum specimens were collected from approximately 50 ulcer patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in each city. Ulcer specimens were tested using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV); sera were tested for antibody to HIV. H. ducreyi was detected in ulcer specimens from patients in Memphis (20% of specimens) and Chicago (12%). T. pallidum was detected in ulcer specimens from every city except Los Angeles (median, 9% of specimens; range, 0%-46%). HSV was detected in >/=50% of specimens from all cities except Memphis (42%). HIV seroprevalence in ulcer patients was 6% (range by city, 0%-18%). These data suggest that chancroid is prevalent in some US cities and that persons with genital ulcers should be a focus of HIV prevention activities.

Endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor.

Endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor (ESAF) is a small (> 1000 Da) dialysable non-peptide molecule with potent angiogenic activity. ESAF activates the major pro-matrix metalloproteinases and also uniquely reactivates the complex of these active enzymes with their tissue inhibitors resulting in both active enzyme and inhibitor. These actions may be pivotal in its role as an angiogenic factor. ESAF is primarily involved in angiogenic conditions where inflammatory cells are not evident such as foetal bone growth and electrically stimulated skeletal muscles and proliferative retinopathy. However, high levels also occur in actively growing human intracranial tumours but it is not noticeably elevated in rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid. Its extreme potency and low molecular mass make its structural determination difficult. Possible therapeutic applications would be in the treatment of ischaemic ulcers, acceleration of fracture repair, infertility and more modestly in the correction of baldness. Analogues of ESAF could be of value in treating angiogenic diseases such as psoriasis and proliferative retinopathy.

Molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted disease clinic population in northern Thailand: predominance of herpes simplex virus infection.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay that simultaneously detects the three major causes of genital ulcer disease (GUD), Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus, was used to evaluate swab specimens for 38 sequential patients with GUD at a Thai sexually transmitted disease clinic. Subjects received clinical diagnoses and syndromic treatment. Swab specimens for H. ducreyi cultures and M-PCR were obtained. No H. ducreyi cultures were positive. Of 38 M-PCR specimens, 31 (81.6%) were positive for HSV, 1 (2.3%) for both HSV and T. pallidum, and none for H. ducreyi or T. pallidum alone; 6 (15.8%) were negative for all 3 pathogens. Clinical diagnoses corresponded poorly to M-PCR findings; none of 5 suspected cases of chancroid were positive by M-PCR and none of 1 for syphilis, but 21 of 24 suspected herpes lesions were confirmed by M-PCR. Human immunodeficiency virus infection status was known for 24 of 38 subjects; 11 (45.8%) were seropositive, and all 11 had HSV by M-PCR. HSV appeared to be the most common pathogen overall.

Molecular characterization of a fucosyltransferase encoded by Schistosoma mansoni.

The glycans of schistosomes include many complex carbohydrates that contain fucose. Although the biological functions of these complex carbohydrates are not yet clearly understood, some of these structures are thought to play essential roles in the life cycle of the parasite. Here we present the molecular cloning and characterization of a fucosyltransferase of Schistosoma mansoni with a DNA sequence similarity of 84.6 and 63.7% to mouse and human fucosyltransferase type VII. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that this S. mansoni fucosyltransferase is the product of a single gene. The schistosome cDNA sequence that we obtained contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 351 amino acids with a predicted molecular size of 40.5 kDa. From the amino acid sequence, we predicted two potential N-linked and one O-linked glycosylation site. Western blot studies of extracts from stably transfected CHO cells showed a band corresponding to the schistosome fucosyltransferase at 50 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is indeed glycosylated. We further demonstrated the expression and enzymatic activity of the fucosyltransferase in the transfected cells by immunofluorescence studies and flow microfluorimetric analysis, which indicated that the enzyme is capable of synthesizing the SLeX blood group determinant but not the LeX determinant in CHO cells. The identification of a fucosyltransferase type VII in schistosomes further underscores the importance of fucose-containing glycans in schistosome glycobiology.

Bridging of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by axin and inhibition of beta-catenin-mediated transcription.

Axin antagonizes the developmental effects of Wnt in vertebrates. We show here that Axin simultaneously binds two components of the Wnt pathway, beta-catenin and its negative regulator glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. In mammalian cells, Axin inhibits Wnt-1 stimulation of beta-catenin/lymphoid enhancer factor 1-dependent transcription. Axin also blocks beta-catenin-mediated transcription in colon cancer cells that have a mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. These findings suggest that Axin, by forming a complex with beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, can block signaling stimulated by Wnt or by adenomatous polyposis coli mutations.

Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay for Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) was compared with clinical and standard laboratory methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease (GUD) in 105 patients; 36% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive. Chancroid (80%), syphilis (8%), and genital herpes (8%) were the most frequent diagnoses. H. ducreyi and HSV were isolated from ulcers of 43% and 18% of patients, respectively; in 35%, all cultures were negative and the laboratory diagnosis indeterminate. M-PCR detected H. ducreyi, T. pallidum, and HSV in 56%, 23%, and 26% of patients, respectively; (no definitive diagnosis, 6%). The proportion of patients with more than one agent was 4% by culture and 17% by M-PCR (P = .002). Resolved sensitivities of M-PCR for H. ducreyi and HSV cultures were 95% and 93%, respectively. The sensitivities of H. ducreyi and HSV cultures were 75% and 60%, respectively. HSV, detected in 47% of specimens from HIV-infected versus 16% from HIV-uninfected patients (P < .001), may be emerging as a more frequent cause of GUD.