Epidemiological case-control study on contact sensitisation in female foot care specialists with occupational contact dermatitis: Patch test data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2008 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: Mainly women work as foot care specialists (FCS). They are at risk to develop occupational dermatitis (OD). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to describe the contact sensitisation pattern of female FCS with OD. METHODS: In a retrospective study, patch test and clinical data collected by the Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) from 2008 to 2022 were analysed. Data of 116 female FCS with OD were compared with data of 13 930 female patients with OD working in other professions and 78 612 female patients without OD. RESULTS: Hand dermatitis (93.1%) was significantly more common and face dermatitis (0.9%) significantly less common in female FCS with OD compared to other female patients with or without OD. Frequent suspected allergen sources were disinfectants, gloves, leave-on and nail cosmetics. Occlusion and wetness were important co-factors. The most common diagnoses were irritant contact dermatitis (26.7%) and allergic contact dermatitis (21.6%). No sensitisation to any of the baseline series allergens was significantly more frequent in female FCS with OD than in the two control groups. However, sensitisations to allergens which FCS are abundantly exposed to, including fragrances, preservatives, rubber ingredients and disinfectants, were most common. CONCLUSIONS: FCS should be aware of the OD risk and prevention should be promoted.

Associations between tobacco smoking status and patch test results-A cross-sectional pilot study from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK).

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies suggested a potential association between tobacco smoking and nickel sensitization, but little is known about other contact allergens. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of smoking status and contact sensitizations as well as subtypes of dermatitis, and to analyse the sensitization profiles of tobacco smokers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Within the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), we performed a cross-sectional multicentre pilot study comprising 1091 patch-tested patients from 9 departments, comparing 541 patients with a history of cigarette smoking (281 current and 260 former smokers) with 550 never-smokers. RESULTS: We could not confirm the previously reported association between nickel sensitization and tobacco smoking. Moreover, sensitizations to other allergens, including colophony, fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae and formaldehyde, were not increased in cigarette smokers compared with never smokers. Hand dermatitis (50.6% vs. 33.6%) and occupational cause (36.2% vs. 22.5%) were significantly more frequent among cigarette smokers compared with never-smokers as shown by non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Although our study does not allow a firm conclusion on whether smoking status contributes to certain contact sensitizations, it confirms an association of smoking with hand dermatitis and occupational cause.

[Additional qualification "Social medicine" for physicians]. / Zusatzbezeichnung "Sozialmedizin" für Ärztinnen und Ärzte.

Social medicine is the medical field that specializes in relationships between health, disease, and society. The goal of social medical care should be to enable functioning and participation in all areas of life as much as possible. Social medicine can be understood as a bridge between individual health care and public health and to other medical specialties. Expertise in social medicine is also helpful for dermatology and in daily clinical practice. This article presents the specialization "social medicine" in Germany.

[Selected aspects regarding social factors in skin diseases]. / Ausgewählte Aspekte sozialer Faktoren bei Hautkrankheiten.

Skin diseases are complex and cannot be explained solely by genetic or environmental factors but are also significantly shaped by social influences. This review illuminates the bidirectional relationship between social factors and skin diseases, demonstrating how social determinants such as socioeconomic status, living environment, and psychosocial stress can influence the onset and progression of skin conditions. Simultaneously, it explores how skin diseases can affect individuals' social lives and work capability, leading to a cycle of social withdrawal and further deterioration of the condition. The paper describes the need for a holistic approach in dermatology that goes beyond the biomedical perspective and incorporates social factors to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. The increasing prevalence of skin diseases in Europe and the expected rise in allergies due to climate change make the consideration of social determinants even more urgent. The findings of this review aim to raise awareness of the complex interconnections between social factors and skin health and contribute to reducing social disparities in skin health.

Quality of patch testing patient's own material in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases throughout Germany: Interim results of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) research project FB 317b.

BACKGROUND: Due to limited availability of commercial test preparations, patch testing patient's own material (POM) is of great importance to diagnose occupational allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of performance and documentation of patch testing with POM in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases (OSD) in Germany. METHODS: Retrospective-prospective analysis of protocols of patch tests with POM was conducted between 2013 and 2021 in patients with suspected OSD and submitted to statutory accident insurance institutions. Assessments were done by predefined criteria. RESULTS: Three thousand and four patch tests with POM from 460 patients were included. A full description of the POM was provided in 73.3% of all tests. The test concentration, test vehicle and pH value were documented in 74.3%, 70.5% and 42.2% of tests, for which the respective parameters were considered relevant. One hundred and sixty-one positive reactions to POM were documented. In 72%, sufficient patch testing with commercial test substances was conducted to investigate the positive reaction. In 30.4%, consecutive patch testing of all ingredients of the POM was done. CONCLUSIONS: The results not only show considerable shortcomings mainly in documentation but also to some extent performance of patch tests with POM in patients with suspected OSD in Germany.

Declining frequency of sensitization to fragrance mixes I and II: IVDK-data of the years 2012-2021.

BACKGROUND: EU Commission Regulation 2017/1410 prohibits using atranol and chloroatranol, the main allergens in Evernia prunastri (oakmoss), and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC) in cosmetic products. Oakmoss absolute is contained in fragrance mix (FM) I and HICC in FM II which are patch tested as screening mixtures in the baseline series. OBJECTIVE: To describe the time trends of reaction frequencies to both FMs as well as to their components in FM-positive patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2012-2021. RESULTS: Positive reactions to FM I (FM II) declined from 9.1% (4.7%) in 2012 to 4.6% (3.0%) in 2021. Full breakdown tests were performed in 24% (FM I) and 31% (FM II), respectively, of the mix-positive patients. From this data, frequencies of sensitization to the 14 single fragrances of FM I and FM II were calculated. For the majority, a decline was noted from 2012/2013 to 2020/2021, for oakmoss absolute 1.9%-0.8% and for HICC 1.8%-0.9%. CONCLUSION: EU Commission Regulation 2017/1410 was an effective measure. However, our data have some limitations, possibly causing underestimation of sensitization frequencies to fragrances.

High recurrence rate of eczema herpeticum in moderate/severe atopic dermatitis -TREATgermany registry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a disseminated skin infection caused by herpes simplex virus in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The frequency of EH and the clinical features of EH patients have not yet been investigated in a larger cohort. METHODS: We sought to investigate the TREATgermany cohort, a multicenter, non-interventional clinical registry of moderately to severely affected AD patients in Germany. Baseline characteristics of patients included between December 2017 and April 2021 were compared between patients without, single, and multiple EH. RESULTS: Of the 893 patients, 195 (21.8%) had at least one EH. Of the 195 patients with EH, 107 had multiple EH (54.9%), representing 12.0% of the total study population. While there were no differences in demographic characteristics, previous treatment, and disease scores at enrollment (itch, IGA, oSCORAD, EASI), patients with EH had more frequent atopic comorbidities and sensitizations to house dust mite, food, and mold. DISCUSSION: TREATgermany registry data suggest a high prevalence and recurrence rate of EH, while there appears to be no specific clinical phenotype, besides an increase in allergies, to identify EH patients in the daily routine.

S2k guideline diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of hand eczema.

The consensus-based guideline "Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema (HE)" provides concrete instructions and recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of HE based on an evidence- and consensus-based approach. The guideline was created based on the German guideline "Management von Handekzemen" from 2009 and the current guideline of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD) "Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema" from 2022. The general goal of the guideline is to provide dermatologists and allergologists in practice and clinics with an accepted, evidence-based decision-making tool for selecting and conducting suitable and sufficient therapy for patients with hand eczema. The guideline is based on two Cochrane reviews of therapeutic and preventive interventions for HE. The remaining chapters were mainly developed and consented based on non-systematic literature research by the expert group. The expert group consisted of members of allergological and occupational dermatological professional associations and working groups, a patient representative, and methodologists. The proposals for recommendations and key statements were consented by using a nominal group process during a consensus conference on September 15, 2022. The structured consensus-building process was professionally moderated. This guideline is valid until February 22, 2028.

Itch, sleep loss, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and productivity loss in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: Analyses of TREATgermany registry data.

BACKGROUND: TREATgermany is a multicenter registry including patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) from currently 74 study centers (university clinics, hospitals and practices) in Germany. As of August 31, 2021, 1,230 adult patients were enrolled. METHODS: In TREATgermany, patients and physicians fill in questionnaires pertaining to symptoms, disease severity, quality of life, depressiveness, and fatigue. In particular, limitations in work performance are assessed using the Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ). To assess associations between occupational performance/work limitations and symptoms, correlations and regression models were calculated. RESULTS: The examined sample of 228 employed patients reported an average of 6% at-work productivity loss within the past two weeks prior to enrolment in the registry. The WLQ productivity loss score was moderately associated with itch (r = 0.32) and sleep loss (r = 0.39) and strongly associated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.68) and fatigue (r = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: The analyses of the registry data show that moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis has a negative impact on the work productivity of the patients. The analyses further point out the relevant associations between work productivity, depressive symptoms, and fatigue highlighting the disease burden caused by the psychological components of AD.

[When protective gloves do not protect-unexpected findings in a dental assistant]. / Wenn Schutzhandschuhe nicht schützen ­ Unerwartetes bei einer Zahnmedizinischen Fachangestellten.

We report on a 38-year-old dental assistant who developed erythema and dryness of the skin of the hands 12 years after she had started the job. After healing for 3 months she developed eczema lesions on the body, especially on the back of the hands, arms, neck, and legs. Contact dermatitis was suspected. We diagnosed atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis to different thiurames and to three of the seven protective gloves she had worn professionally. Carbamates were identified in those protection gloves. Thus, we assume two skin diseases: atopic hand eczema and atopic dermatitis of the body as well as intermittent contact dermatitis to occupationally relevant contact allergens. By using thiuram- and carbamate-free protective gloves and implementing skin protection and skin care measures, the skin disease has been completely cured to this day.

[Hand eczema or psoriasis: update on the FB 323 study occupational dermatology cohort]. / Handekzem oder Psoriasis: Aktuelles aus der berufsdermatologischen Kohorte der FB323-Studie.

In daily dermatological practice, the distinction between eczema and psoriasis in dermatoses of the hands can be difficult. However, a clear diagnosis is necessary to initiate optimal therapy and management. In recent years, the so-called molecular classifier has been developed for optimized differentiation of eczema and psoriasis. An occupational dermatological cohort has been established at Heidelberg University Hospital since 2020. It is funded by the German Statutory Accident Insurance. The aim is to follow-up patients over 3 years where this new diagnostic method is used and to compare the results with a retrospective occupational dermatological cohort. Recruitment ended in December 2022. The current analysis reports participants' occupational activity, insurance status, disease progression, and number of sick days. A total of 287 patients were included; mean age was 50.4 years and 63.5% (n = 181) were undergoing treatment at the expense of the liable statutory accident insurance at the start of the study. About 50% of the patients worked in health professions, metal industry, or construction. The average duration of occupational dermatosis was 6.5 years. In 38.9% of the patients, the clinical diagnosis had been classified as unclear by the treating dermatologist. By using the molecular classifier, the diagnosis could be clarified in 98% of the cases (eczema vs. psoriasis). The first analyses demonstrate that the molecular classifier contributes to improving therapy by optimizing the diagnosis.

Dupilumab but not cyclosporine treatment shifts the microbiome toward a healthy skin flora in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients display an altered skin microbiome which may not only be an indicator but also a driver of inflammation. We aimed to investigate associations among AD patients' skin microbiome, clinical data, and response to systemic therapy in patients of the TREATgermany registry. METHODS: Skin swabs of 157 patients were profiled with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing before and after 3 months of treatment with dupilumab or cyclosporine. For comparison, 16s microbiome data from 258 population-based healthy controls were used. Disease severity was assessed using established instruments such as the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). RESULTS: We confirmed the previously shown correlation of Staphylococcus aureus abundance and bacterial alpha diversity with AD severity as measured by EASI. Therapy with Dupilumab shifted the bacterial community toward the pattern seen in healthy controls. The relative abundance of Staphylococci and in particular S. aureus significantly decreased on both lesional and non-lesional skin, whereas the abundance of Staphylococcus hominis increased. These changes were largely independent from the degree of clinical improvement and were not observed for cyclosporine. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic treatment with dupilumab but not cyclosporine tends to restore a healthy skin microbiome largely independent of the clinical response indicating potential effects of IL-4RA blockade on the microbiome.

Contact sensitization to benzisothiazolinone: IVDK-data of the years 2002 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: Benzisothiazolinone (BIT; CAS no. 2634-33-5) is used as a biocide in various products, including water-based paints, metalworking fluids, and household products. In recent years, increasing sensitization rates have been observed in Europe. OBJECTIVE: To describe a time trend of sensitization to BIT, analyse concomitant reactions, and identify patients with increased risk of BIT sensitization. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from 26 739 patients patch tested with BIT, sodium salt, 0.1% petrolatum as part of several special test series within the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2002 to 2021. RESULTS: Positive reactions to BIT were noted in 771 patients (2.9%). Sensitization frequency varied over time and increased in recent years, peaking at 6.5% in 2020. Painters and metalworkers handling metalworking fluids, but not cleaners, had a significantly increased risk of BIT sensitization. From our data, there is no evidence of immunological cross-reactivity between BIT and other isothiazolinones. CONCLUSION: The increasing frequency of sensitization justifies adding BIT to the baseline series. More research on the clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions to BIT and the cause for the rising numbers of BIT sensitization is needed.