ABSTRACT
Brain size abnormality is correlated with an increased frequency of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. Genetic analysis indicates that heterozygous mutations of the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) are associated with ASD. However, biological evidence is still lacking. Our study showed that Wdr62 knockout (KO) led to reduced brain size with impaired learning and memory, as well as ASD-like behaviors in mice. Interestingly, Wdr62 Nex-cKO mice (depletion of WDR62 in differentiated neurons) had a largely normal brain size but with aberrant social interactions and repetitive behaviors. WDR62 regulated dendritic spinogenesis and excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical pyramidal neurons. Finally, we revealed that retinoic acid gavages significantly alleviated ASD-like behaviors in mice with WDR62 haploinsufficiency, probably by complementing the expression of ASD and synapse-related genes. Our findings provide a new perspective on the relationship between the microcephaly gene WDR62 and ASD etiology that will benefit clinical diagnosis and intervention of ASD.
Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Microcephaly/genetics , Autistic Disorder/metabolism , Autism Spectrum Disorder/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Mice, Knockout , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of percutaneous compression plate (PCCP) for femoral neck fractures in the elderly patients.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 31 elderly patients with femoral neck fracture who had been treated with PCCP from January 2012 to December 2018 at Orthopaedic Department, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Orthopaedic Department, The Ninth People's Hospital of Wuxi and Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Wuxi. They were 16 men and 15 women, aged from 65 to 80 years (average, 70.5 years). By the Garden classification, 7 cases were type Ⅱ, 15 cases type Ⅲ and 9 cases type Ⅳ; by the Singh index, 4 cases were level Ⅲ, 11 cases level Ⅳ, 10 cases level Ⅴ and 6 cases level Ⅵ. The time from injury to operation ranged from 3 to 14 days (average, 5.8 days). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture reduction, fracture union time, complications and functional recovery of the hip were observed.Results:The operation time averaged 73.4 min and intraoperative blood loss 116.4 mL. At one week after operation, the Garden alignment index was level Ⅰ in 25 cases and level Ⅱ in 6. Superficial incision infection was noted in one case intraoperatively. Follow-ups for the 31 patients ranged from 12 to 47 months (mean, 18.9 months). All the fractures united after 4.9 months on average (from 4 to 8 months). Delayed union occurred in 2 cases, neck shortening in 12 cases, and avascular necrosis of femoral head in 3 displaced subcranial fractures 2 of which were high shear ones. The necrosis of femoral head was treated by arthroplasty in 2 and by conservative treatment in one. The Harris hip scores at the last follow-up for the 31 patients averaged 90.9 (from 75 to 100), giving 15 excellent, 12 good and 4 fair cases and an excellent to good rate of 87.1% (27/31).Conclusions:In treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly patients, PCCP has advantages of allowing early weight-bearing after operation, a high rate of fracture union, limited complications and quick and fine functional recovery of the hip. However, it should be used with caution in patients with severe osteoporosis, displaced subcranial or high shear fracture.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing a huge toll on individuals, families, communities and societies across the world. Currently, whether wearing facemasks in public should be a measure to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains contraversial.1 This is largely because there have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for coronavirus to directly support this. However, lessons may be taken from published RCTs examining influenza-like illness (ILI).2,3 Recent studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 shares similar transmission route with influenza virus,4 and the incidence of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with ILI is high.5 Therefore, we undertook this meta-analysis of RCTs examining the efficacy of wearing facemasks to prevent ILI in community settings, irrespective of confirmatory testing for the causative virus. We undertook a systematic literature search for RCTs related to facemasks and ILI between 1966 and April 2020 using PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane library. RCTs undertaken in community (not hospital) settings comparing wearing and not wearing facemasks for ILI were included. Incidence of ILI (e.g., fever, cough, headache, sore throat, aches or pains in muscles or joints) was estimated per group. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. We screened 899 related abstracts and eventually included 8 RCTs (Figure S1). Basic characteristics and quality of included RCTs are listed in Supplement. Participants wearing facemasks had a significantly lower risk of developing ILI than those not wearing facemasks (pooled RR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.95) and there was no heterogeneity (Figure 1). The decreased risk of ILI was more pronounced if everyone wore facemask irrespective of whether they were infected or not (RR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.65-0.91), compared to those wearing facemasks when infected (RR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.58-1.56) or uninfected (RR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.69-2.31). This study shows that wearing facemasks, irrespective of infection status, is effective in preventing ILI spread in the community. This situation mirrors what is happening now in public settings where we do not know who has been infected and who has not. Although there are no RCTs of facemasks for SARS-CoV-2, as with other simple measures such as social distancing and handwashing, these data support the recommendation to wear facemasks in public to further reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and flatten the curve of this pandemic, especially when social distancing is impractical, such as shopping, or travelling with public transport for work that cannot be done from home.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine halohydrocarbons and benzoid compounds in correction fluids.Methods Ten kinds of halohydrocarbons and benzenes in11commercially available correction fluid samples were detected by headspace gas chro-matography /mass spectrometry with methanol as the matrix.The sampling temperature,equilibrium time and chromatographic conditions of the method were investigated.Results The linear range,detection limit,recovery rate and relative standard devi-ation were2-1000?g /ml,0.05-0.1?g /ml,76.5%-111%and1.73%-7.75%respectively.Conclusion The method was ac-curate and suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of halohydrocarbons and benzoid compounds in correction fluids.
