Subject(s)
Brain Concussion , Stuttering , Brain Concussion/complications , Child , Humans , Stuttering/etiologySubject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Exercise Therapy , Complementary Therapies , Female , Humans , Physical FitnessABSTRACT
Ingesting alcohol and energy drinks together is associated with a decreased awareness of the physical and mental impairment caused by the alcohol without reducing the actual impairment. This is of particular concern for youth who have a baseline of less mature judgment. Adding energy drinks to alcohol tends to increase the rate of absorption through its carbonation and dilution of the alcohol, and keep a person awake longer allowing ingestion of a greater volume of alcohol. At low blood alcohol levels, caffeine appears to decrease some of the impairment from the alcohol, but at higher blood alcohol levels, caffeine does not appear to have a modifying effect on either the physical or mental impairment induced by the alcohol. Obtaining this combination is made easier and more affordable for under aged persons by manufacturers of premixed alcoholic energy drink combination beverages. Awareness by medical and educational personnel and parents of this activity and its potential for harm is unknown.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/drug effects , Alcoholic Beverages/adverse effects , Caffeine/adverse effects , Carbonated Beverages/adverse effects , Judgment/drug effects , Adolescent , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Depressants/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Depressants/adverse effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Drug Synergism , Ethanol/administration & dosage , Ethanol/adverse effects , Humans , Risk-TakingSubject(s)
Pelargonium , Phytotherapy , Plant Preparations/therapeutic use , Humans , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine when patients feel that physician inquiry about spirituality or religious beliefs is appropriate, reasons why they want their physicians to know about their spiritual beliefs, and what they want physicians to do with this information. METHODS: Trained research assistants administered a questionnaire to a convenience sample of consenting patients and accompanying adults in the waiting rooms of 4 family practice residency training sites and 1 private group practice in northeastern Ohio. Demographic information, the SF-12 Health Survey, and participant ratings of appropriate situations, reasons, and expectations for physician discussions of spirituality or religious beliefs were obtained. RESULTS: Of 1,413 adults who were asked to respond, 921 completed questionnaires, and 492 refused (response rate = 65%). Eighty-three percent of respondents wanted physicians to ask about spiritual beliefs in at least some circumstances. The most acceptable scenarios for spiritual discussion were life-threatening illnesses (77%), serious medical conditions (74%) and loss of loved ones (70%). Among those who wanted to discuss spirituality, the most important reason for discussion was desire for physician-patient understanding (87%). Patients believed that information concerning their spiritual beliefs would affect physicians' ability to encourage realistic hope (67%), give medical advice (66%), and change medical treatment (62%). CONCLUSIONS: This study helps clarify the nature of patient preferences for spiritual discussion with physicians.
Subject(s)
Disclosure/ethics , Patients/psychology , Self Disclosure , Spirituality , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Physician's Role/psychology , Physician-Patient RelationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose was to study the effects of age on body fluid distribution during exercise and exercise combined with heat stress. METHODS: Ten young (Y; 23.2 +/-0.7 yr) and eight older (O; 65.3 +/- 1.0 yr) men performed two 80-min intermittent exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO2peak, one in a thermoneutral (N), 22 degrees C environment, the other in a hot (H), 40 degrees C environment. For each condition, changes in serum protein, albumin, and electrolytes (Cl-, Na+, K+); total body water (TBW); plasma volume (PV); and interstitial (ISF), extracellular (ECF), and intracellular (ICF) fluids were determined. RESULTS: During exercise, [Cl-] responses increased more in O than Y (p < or = 0.05) while albumin (g) increased in Y and decreased in O (p < or = 0.05). There were no age-related differences in total protein changes nor any of the other blood parameters. PV decreased similarly for all subjects in both conditions with larger decreases in the H environment (241.8 +/- 40.3 vs. 478.3 +/- 46.0 mL). Loss of TBW was exacerbated in the H condition and significantly different (p < 0.05) between the groups (N: Y = -1.03 +/- 0.076 L, O = -0.88 +/- 0.12 L; H: Y = -1.65 +/- 0.12 L, O = -1.85 +/- 0.14 L). The O group lost more ICF (p < 0.05) (N: Y = -510.4 +/- 86.8 mL, O = -631.7 +/- 115.1 mL; H: Y = -529.3 +/- 118.0 mL, O = -928.6 +/- 118.9 mL) and less ISF (p < 0.05) (N: Y = -295.5 +/- 101.1 mL, O = 15.8 +/- 77.6 mL; H: Y = -684.6 +/- 134.5 mL, O = -397.9 +/- 165.5 mL) in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There was an interactive effect between age and heat stress in TBW loss. In addition, older individuals lost more ICF and less ISF than younger individuals during prolonged exercise. These findings suggest that the utilization of ICF, rather than ISF, to preserve PV during cycling exercise at or near 50% VO2max may be an age-related compensation.
