ABSTRACT
Estimation of the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield under illumination, or Fm', by traditional single saturation pulse (SP) methodology is prone to underestimation error because of rapid turnover within photosystem (PS) II. However, measurements of fluorescence yield during several single pulses of variable intensity describes the irradiance dependence of apparent Fm', from which estimates of Fm' at infinite irradiance can be derived. While such estimates have been shown to result in valid approximations of Fm', the need to apply several single pulses limits its applicability. We introduce a novel approach that determines the relationship between apparent Fm' and variable irradiance within a single â¼1 s multiphase flash (MPF). Through experiments and simulations, we demonstrate that the rate of variation in irradiance during an MPF is critical for achieving quasi-steady-state changes in the proportions of PSII acceptor side redox intermediates and the corresponding fluorescence yields, which are prerequisites for accurately estimating Fm' at infinite irradiance. The MPF methodology is discussed in the context of improving the accuracy of various parameters derived from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, such as photochemical and non-photochemical quenchings and efficiencies. The importance of using MPF methodology for interpreting chlorophyll fluorescence, in particular for integrating fluorescence and gas exchange measurements, is emphasized.
Subject(s)
Chlorophyll/metabolism , Helianthus/metabolism , Photobiology/methods , Zea mays/metabolism , Computer Simulation , Electron Transport , Fluorescence , Gases/metabolism , Kinetics , Mesophyll Cells/metabolism , Photochemical Processes , Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolismABSTRACT
The authors compared the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, an antiseptic mouthwash with essential oils and water on the bacterial aerosol contamination generated by an air polishing device. Patients rinsed with one of the three solutions before treatment. Bacterial counts collected during the treatment indicate that the chlorhexidine pretreatment rinse was significantly more effective than the other solutions in reducing bacterial aerosols.
